LTE Signaling

Ralf Kreher works as Senior Software Architect for Tektronix Communications (Test and Optimization) business with focus on UMTS and LTE Performance Measurement and Key Performance Indicator (KPI) implementation. Before joining the engineering department he lead the Tektronix Mobile Protocol Test Customer Training Department for almost four years being responsible for a world-class seminar portfolio for mobile technologies and measurement products. Kreher holds a Communication Engineering Degree of the University of Applied Science, Deutsche Telekom Leipzig. He is internationally recognized author of the books UMTS Signaling and UMTS Performance Measurement. Karsten Gaenger received a Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the Berlin University of Technology. He was with the Fraunhofer HHI research institute from 2004 to 2006. During this time he published several IEEE papers on his development of a reliable real-time streaming system and protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc networks. His research interests are mobile communications, IPTV, and robust real-time video streaming. Currently he is with Tektronix, Inc. and takes part in the mobile test and optimization division for 3G and LTE networks. He is a Solution Architect with RAN focus for testing and monitoring real-time multi-media streaming in next generation mobile networks. His current projects include the development of a passive LTE air interface probe.

Foreword. Acknowledgments. 1 Standards, Protocols, and Functions. 1.1 LTE Standards and Standard Roadmap. 1.2 LTE Radio Access Network Architecture. 1.3 Network Elements and Functions. 1.3.1 The eNodeB (eNB). 1.3.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME). 1.3.3 Serving Gateway (S-GW). 1.3.4 Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW). 1.3.5 Interfaces and Reference Points. 1.4 Area and Subscriber Identities. 1.4.1 Domains and Strati. 1.4.2 IMSI. 1.4.3 LMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, M-TMSI, and S-TMSI. 1.4.4 GUTI. 1.4.5 IMEI. 1.4.6 RNTI. 1.4.7 Location Area, Routing Area, Service Area, Tracking Area, Cell Global Identity. 1.4.8 Mapping between Temporary and Area Identities for EUTRANand UTRAN/GERAN-Based Systems. 1.4.9 GSM Base Station Identification. 1.4.10 UTRA Base Station Identification. 1.4.11 Numbering, Addressing, and Identification in the Session Initiation Protocol. 1.4.12 Access Point Name. 1.5 User Equipment. 1.5.1 UE Categories. 1.6 QoS Architecture. 1.7 LTE Security. 1.8 Radio Interface Basics. 1.8.1 Duplex Methods. 1.8.2 Multiple Access Methods. 1.8.3 OFDM Principles and Modulation. 1.8.4 Multiple Access in OFDM OFDMA. 1.8.5 Resource Blocks. 1.8.6 Downlink Slot Structure. 1.8.7 OFDM Scheduling on LTE DL. 1.8.8 SC-FDMA Principles and Modulation. 1.8.9 Scheduling on LTE UL. 1.8.10 Uplink Slot Structure. 1.8.11 Link Adaptation in LTE. 1.8.12 Physical Channels in LTE. 1.8.13 Transport Channels in LTE. 1.8.14 Channel Mapping and Multiplexing. 1.8.15 Initial UE Radio Access. 1.8.16 UE Random Access. 1.9 LTE Network Protocol Architecture. 1.9.1 Uu Control/User Plane. 1.9.2 S1 Control/User Plane. 1.9.3 X2 User/Control Plane. 1.9.4 S6a Control Plane. 1.9.5 S3/S4/S5/S8/S10/S11 Control Plane/User Plane. 1.10 Protocol Functions, Encoding, Basic Messages, and Information Elements. 1.10.1 Ethernet. 1.10.2 Internet Protocol (IPv4/IPv6). 1.10.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). 1.10.4 Radio Interface Layer 2 Protocols. 1.10.5 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol. 1.10.6 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol. 1.10.7 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP). 1.10.8 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol. 1.10.9 Non-Access Stratum (NAS) Protocol. 1.10.10 S1 Application Part (S1AP). 1.10.11 User Datagram Protocol (UDP). 1.10.12 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP). 1.10.13 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). 1.10.14 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). 1.10.15 DIAMETER on EPC Interfaces. 2 E-UTRAN/EPC Signaling. 2.1 S1 Setup. 2.1.1 S1 Setup: Message Flow. 2.1.2 S1 Setup: Failure Analysis. 2.2 Initial Attach. 2.2.1 Procedure. 2.3 UE Context Release Requested by eNodeB. 2.3.1 Procedure. 2.4 UE Service Request. 2.4.1 Procedure. 2.5 Dedicated Bearer Setup. 2.6 Inter-eNodeB Handover over X2. 2.6.1 Procedure. 2.7 S1 Handover. 2.7.1 Procedure. 2.8 Dedicated Bearer Release. 2.9 Detach. 2.9.1 Procedure. 2.10 Failure Cases in E-UTRAN and EPC. 3 Radio Interface Signaling Procedures. 3.1 RRC Connection Setup, Attach, and Default Bearer Setup. 3.1.1 Random Access and RRC Connection Setup Procedure. 3.1.2 RRC Connection Reconfiguration and Default Bearer Setup. 3.1.3 RRC Connection Release. 3.2 Failure Cases. 4 Key Performance Indicators and Measurements for LTE Radio Network Optimization. 4.1 Monitoring Solutions for LTE Interfaces. 4.1.1 Monitoring the Air Interface (Uu). 4.1.2 Antenna-Based Monitoring. 4.1.3 Coax-Based Monitoring. 4.1.4 CPRI-Based Monitoring. 4.1.5 Monitoring the E-UTRAN Line Interface. 4.2 Monitoring the Scheduler Efficiency. 4.2.1 UL and DL Scheduling Resources. 4.2.2 X2 Load Indication. 4.2.3 The eNodeB Layer 2 Measurements. 4.3 Radio Quality Measurements. 4.3.1 UE Measurements. 4.3.2 The eNodeB Physical Layer Measurements. 4.3.3 Radio Interface Tester Measurements. 4.3.4 I/Q Constellation Diagrams. 4.3.5 EVM/Modulation Error Ratio. 4.4 Control Plane Performance Counters and Delay Measurements. 4.4.1 Network Accessibility. 4.4.2 Network Retainability. 4.4.3 Mobility (Handover). 4.5 User Plane KPIs. 4.5.1 IP Throughput. 4.5.2 Application Throughput. 4.5.3 TCP Startup KPIs. 4.5.4 TCP Round-Trip Time. 4.5.5 Packet Jitter. 4.5.6 Packet Delay and Packet Loss on a Hop-to-Hop Basis. Acronyms. Bibliography. Index.