Demonstrational Optics

1. Historical Introduction.- 1 Wave nature of light.- 2 Electromagnetic theory.- 3 Optical Spectroscopy.- 4 Quantum Optics.- 5 Atom model and relativity.- 6 Coherence and precision optical instrumentation.- 7 Light correlation and statistics.- 2. Properties Of Light Waves.- 1 Laws of electromagnetism.- 1.1 Maxwell’s equations.- 1.2 Electric dipole radiation.- 2 Properties of electromagnetic waves.- 2.1 Wave equation.- 2.2 Plane waves.- 2.3 Plane monochromatic wave.- 2.3.1 Frequency, wavelength, light velocity.- 2.3.2 Transversality of electromagnetic waves.- 2.4 Spherical waves.- 2.5 Polarization states.- 3 Quasi-monochromatic waves.- 3.1 Envelope and carrier frequency.- 3.2 Spectrum of quasi-monochromatic oscillations.- 4 Energy and momentum of light.- 4.1 Intensity of light.- 4.2 The Doppler effect.- 4.3 Monochromaticity.- 4.4 Natural light.- 4.5 Light pressure.- 4.5.1 Radiation of a harmonic oscillator.- 4.5.2 Lorentz force.- 4.5.3 Evidence of light pressure.- 4.6 Photon representation.- 3. Light Polarization.- 1 Basic types of light wave polarization.- 1.1 Linearly and circularly polarized waves.- 1.2 Elliptically polarized waves.- 1.2.1 Polarizer and analyzer.- 2 Polarization of quasi-monochromatic light.- 2.1 Polarization degree.- 2.2 The Stokes parameters and Jones vectors.- 2.2.1 Description of a monochromatic wave.- 2.2.2 Measurements of the Stokes parameters.- 3 Optical dipole radiation and polarizing effects.- 3.1 Polarization under scattering.- 3.2 Polarization due to reflection.- 3.3 Dipole radiation at 3 ern wavelength.- 4. Light Waves In Media.- 1 Maxwell’s equations in isotropic media.- 1.1 Wave equations, the Poynting vector.- 1.2 Boundary conditions.- 2 Reflection and refraction.- 2.1 Snell’s law.- 2.1.1 Refraction by a prism.- 2.2 The total reflection.- 2.2.1 Surface wave (evanescent wave).- 2.2.2 Total reflection of radio waves.- 2.2.3 Optical fibers.- 2.2.4 Rainbow.- 3 The Fresnel formulae.- 3.1 Reflectivity and transparency.- 3.1.1 Normal incidence.- 3.2 The Brewster angle.- 3.2.1 Polarizing devices.- 4 Dispersion.- 4.1 Classical theory of dispersion.- 4.2 Observation of dispersion.- 4.2.1 Crosses prisms.- 4.2.2 The Wood experiment.- 4.3 A wave train in a medium.- 4.3.1 Group velocity.- 4.3.2 Energy transfer.- 4.3.3 The Rayleigh formula.- 4.3.4 A modeling computation experiment.- 5 Radiation under uniform charge motion.- 5.1 Vavilov-cherenkov radiation.- 5.2 Transient radiation.- 5.3 Smith-Parsell effect.- 5. Optical Anisotropy.- 1 Double refraction in calcite.- 2 The structure of calcite.- 3 A monochromatic wave in an anisotropic crystal.- 3.1 Propogation of the energy and the phase.- 3.2 Nicol and Wollaston prisms.- 3.3 A model of an uniaxial crystal.- 3.3.1 Vector E parallel to the faces of the plates.- 3.3.2 Propagation across optical axis.- 4 Natural optical anisotropy of materials.- 4.1 Retardation plates.- 4.1.1 Experiment with radio waves.- 4.1.2 Quarter-wave plates in optics.- 4.2 Liquid crystals.- 4.2.1 Optical anisotropy of a thin film of a liquid crystal.- 4.2.2 A liquid crystal prism.- 5 Artificial birefringence.- 5.1 Photo-elastic effect.- 5.2 The Kerr effect.- 5.3 An experiment to determine the light velocity.- 6 Optical activity.- 6.1 Natural quartz.- 6.2 The Fresnel experiment.- 6.3 Radio — wave rotation.- 6.4 The Faraday effect.- 6.5 Magnetic domains.- 6. Geometrical Optics.- 1 Homocentric and astigmatic beams.- 2 One refracting surface.- 2.1 Positive and negative optical force.- 2.2 Real and imaginary image.- 2.3 Magnification of a spherical refracting surface.- 2.4 A spherical reflecting surface.- 3 Centered optical systems.- 4 Lenses.- 4.1 General relations.- 4.2 Thick lenses.- 4.3 Thin lenses.- 4.4 Images formed by parallel rays.- 4.5 Two thin lenses.- 5 Errors of optical systems.- 6 Formation of optical images.- 6.1 Human eye.- 6.2 Magnifier.- 6.3 Telescopic system.- 6.3.1 Refracting telescope.- 6.3.2 Reflecting telescope.- 6.4 Microscope.- 6.5 Limitation of light beams in optical systems.- 7 Light propagation inside inhomogeneous media.- 7.1 Concept of eikonal.- 7.2 Light beam bending.- 7.2.1 Mirages.- 7.3 Fermat’s principle.