Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Disease

1 • Introduction: Consideration of Epidemiologic Factors.- 1.1. Ischemic Heart Disease.- 1.2. Concomitant Cardiovascular, Skeletal, and Renal Diseases.- 1.3. Changing Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Phosphate Intakes.- 1.4. Sex Difference in Magnesium Retention.- 1.5. Hard/Soft Water and Cardiovascular Disease.- 1.6. Epidemiologic Factors in Calcific Urinary Calculi.- 1.7. Genetic Factors in Cardiovascular, Skeletal, and Renal Diseases.- I Magnesium Deficiency during Gestation, Infancy, and Early Childhood.- 2 • The Role of Magnesium in Normal and Abnormal Pregnancy.- 3 • Consideration of Magnesium Deficiency in Perinatal Hormonal and Mineral Imbalances.- 4 • Magnesium Status in Infancy.- II Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases.- 5 • Failure to Reduce Incidence of Ischemic Heart Disease by Lowering Blood Lipids.- 6 • Is Clinical Arteriosclerosis a Manifestation of Absolute or Conditioned Magnesium Deficiency?.- 7 • Magnesium Deficiency/Loss from Myocardium.- 8 • Clinical Cardiac Abnormalities and Magnesium.- 9 • Magnesium Deficiency and Cardiac Dysrhythmia.- 10 • Therapeutic Use of Magnesium in Cardiovascular Disease.- III Skeletal and Renal Effects of Magnesium Deficiency.- 11 • Magnesium, Bone Wasting, and Mineralization.- 12 • Abnormal Bone in Magnesium Deficiency.- 13 • Renal Damage Caused by Magnesium Deficiency.- 14 • Intensification of Magnesium Deficiency by Calcemic and Phosphate Therapy.- Appendix • Tests for Magnesium Deficiency Cases of Infantile Ischemic Heart Disease.- A. 1. Limitations of Serum or Plasma Magnesium Levels.- A.1.1. What is the Normal Range?.- A. 1.2. Bound and Free Magnesium in Plasma.- A.2. The Importance of Cellular Magnesium Determinations.- A.2.1. Erythrocyte Magnesium.- A.2.2.Skeletal Muscle Magnesium.- A.2.3. White Blood Cell Magnesium Determinations.- A.3. Percentage Retention of Parenteral Magnesium Loads.- A. 3.1. Recommended Procedures for Determining Percentage Retention of Parenteral Magnesium Load.- A.3.1.1. Adults: Intramuscular Load.- A.3.1.2. Adults: Intravenous Load.- A.3.1.3. Infants: Intravenous Load.- A.3.1.4. Infants: Intramuscular Load.- A.3.2. Evaluation of Renal Handling of Magnesium.