Titanium Dioxide

Contents1 Introduction.152 Physical, chemical and toxicological properties. 172.1 Physical properties of titanium dioxide. 172.2 Chemical properties of titanium dioxide.282.3 Toxicological properties of titanium dioxide.292.3.1 Oral intake.342.3.2 Parenteral uptake.342.3.3 Percutaneous uptake. 352.3.4 Hypodermic (through the skin) injection. 352.3.5 Inhalation. 353 Production.393.1 Raw materials.393.2 Sulfate process. 423.3 Chloride process.443.4 Inorganic and organic surface treatments.464 Optical properties.514.1 Fundamentals of color measurement. 514.1.1 CIELAB-values of titanium dioxide pigments. 554.2 Electromagnetic waves ("radiation").564.3 Light absorption, light scattering, reflection and diffraction.564.3.1 Particle size dependency of light absorption. 594.3.2 Particle size dependency of light scattering. 614.4 Mie theory. 624.4.1 PVC - depency of light scattering.674.5 Kubelka-Munk theory - relative scattering power.684.6 Determination of the spectral scattering coefficient. 714.7 Hiding power. 714.7.1 Standardized methods for determining hiding power. 714.7.2 Hiding power of sulfate and chloride grade pigments. 744.8 Lightening power. 754.9 Color tint. 764.10 Gloss and haze. 784.11 Substitute materials for titanium dioxide pigments.795 Photo catalytic properties.835.1 Chalking cycle.835.2 Photo activity of anatase and rutile.865.3 Accelerated and natural weathering.885.4 Accelerated tests for monitoring photo activity. 916 Dispersing.936.1 Steps taking place during dispersion.936.2 Wetting.956.3 Mechanical de-agglomeration.976.3.1 Mill base formulation.976.3.2 Agglomerate strength.976.3.3 Relationship between time length of dispersion,mechanical power input and dispersion success.996.4 Stabilization against flocculation. 1016.4.1 Electrostatic stabilization. 1026.4.2 Zeta potential. 1026.4.3 Stabilization by adsorption of polyelectrolytes. 1076.4.4 Adsorption of ions. 1086.4.5 Steric (entropic) stabilization. 1106.5 Rub out effect and Benard cells. 1126.6 Final remarks. 1147 Nano-titanium dioxide. 1177.1 Production of nano-titanium dioxides. 1177.2 Properties of titanium dioxide nano-particles. 1187.3 Nano-titanium dioxides as UV absorbers. 1207.4 Nano-titanium dioxides as effect pigments. 1228 Titanium dioxide in catalysis.1258.1 DeNOx catalysts. 1288.2 Diesel catalysts. 1298.3 Titanium dioxide in photo catalysis. 1308.4 Titanium dioxide as a catalyst for the production of biodiesel. 1339 Titanium dioxide in photovoltaic cells and chromatography.137Author. 143Index. 145