Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds

Carter T. Atkinson, Ph.D., is a research microbiologist with the U. S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center. His research focuses on protozoan parasites of vertebrates, particularly birds, with a recent emphasis on the effects of introduced avian malaria on Hawaiian forest birds. Nancy J. Thomas, DVM, MS, Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Pathologists, is an endangered species specialist for the U. S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center. She has more than 20 years of experience in diagnostic pathology and research on wild bird diseases. D. Bruce Hunter, DVM, MSC, is a professor in the Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph. His specialty encompasses avian, fur-bearing, and wildlife pathology and ecosystem health. His research interests have included infectious diseases in commercial poultry, West Nile Virus in owls, and diseases of mink.

Preface vii Contributors ix

Section I Introduction

1. Parasitism: Costs and Effects 3
Gary A. Wobeser

Section II Protozoa

2. Haemoproteus 13
Carter T. Atkinson

3. Avian Malaria 35
Carter T. Atkinson

4. Leucocytozoonosis 54
Donald J. Forrester and Ellis C. Greiner

5. Isospora, Atoxoplasma, and Sarcocystis 108
Ellis C. Greiner

6. Trichomonosis 120
Donald J. Forrester and Garry W. Foster

7. Histomonas 154
William R. Davidson

8. Eimeria 162
Michael J. Yabsley

9. Disseminated Visceral Coccidiosis in Cranes 181
Marilyn G. Spalding, James W. Carpenter, and Meliton N. Novilla

10. Cryptosporidium 195
David S. Lindsay and Byron L. Blagburn

11. Toxoplasma 204
J. P. Dubey

Section III Helminths

12. Trematodes 225
Jane E. Huffman

13. Schistosomes 246
Jane E. Huffman and Bernard Fried

14. Cestodes 261
J. Daniel McLaughlin

15. Acanthocephala 277
Dennis J. Richardson and Brent B. Nickol

16. Eustrongylidosis 289
Marilyn G. Spalding and Donald J. Forrester

17. Trichostrongylus 316
Daniel M. Tompkins

18. Dispharynx, Echinuria, and Streptocara 326
Ramon A. Carreno

19. Tracheal Worms 343
M. A. Fernando and John R. Barta

20. Amidostomum and Epomidiostomum 355
Alan M. Fedynich and Nancy J. Thomas

21. Tetrameridosis 376
John M. Kinsella and Donald J. Forrester

22. Avioserpensosis 384
John M. Kinsella

23. Heterakis and Ascaridia 388
Alan M. Fedynich

24. Ascaridoid Nematodes: Contracaecum, Porrocaecum, and Baylisascaris 413
Hans-Peter Fagerholm and Robin M. Overstreet

25. Diplotriaena, Serratospiculum, and Serratospiculoides 434
Mauritz C. Sterner III and Rebecca A. Cole

26. Filarioid Nematodes 439
Cheryl M. Bartlett

27. Capillarid Nematodes 463
Michael J. Yabsley

Section IV Leeches

28. Leech Parasites of Birds 501
Ronald W. Davies, Fredric R. Govedich, and William E. Moser

Section V Arthropods

29. Phthiraptera, the Chewing Lice 515
Dale H. Clayton, Richard J. Adams, and Sarah E. Bush

30. Acariasis 527
Danny B. Pence

31. Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) 537
Douglas C. Currie and D. Bruce Hunter

32. Myiasis in Wild Birds 546
Susan E. Little

Index 557