Managing Indoor Climate Risks in Museums (eBook)

Bart Ankersmit, Senior Researcher, Cultural Heritage Agency, Netherlands Marc H. L. Stappers, specialist building physics, Cultural Heritage Agency, Netherlands

Foreword 6
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
Chapter 1: Introduction 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 A Short History of Climate Control 14
1.3 Nine Steps 21
References 24
Chapter 2: Step 1: Towards a Balanced Decision 26
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Starting with What´s Important 27
2.2.1 Using the Mission Statement as a General Basis to Develop Values 28
2.2.2 Involving Stakeholders 29
2.3 What Do We Really Want? 30
2.4 Making Objectives Measurable 31
2.5 A Case Study 32
2.6 Conclusions 36
References 36
Chapter 3: Step 2: Valuing Heritage Assets 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Valuing the Building 39
3.3 Values 39
3.4 Value Classification 41
3.5 Values and Optimizing the Indoor Climate 42
3.6 The Valuing Process 47
3.7 Conclusions 49
References 50
Chapter 4: Step 3: Assessing the Climate Risks to the Moveable Collection 51
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 An Incorrect Relative Humidity 53
4.2.1 The Relative Humidity Is Above 0% 55
4.2.2 The Relative Humidity Is Above or Below a Critical Value 59
4.2.3 The Relative Humidity Is Above 75% 61
4.2.4 The Relative Humidity Fluctuates Too Much for Too Long 66
Wooden Artifacts 68
Canvas Paintings 74
Ivory and Objects Made of Bone 78
Textiles 79
Library and Archival Collections 80
4.3 The Proofed Relative Humidity Fluctuation 82
4.4 The Response Time of Hygroscopic Materials 84
4.5 Incorrect Temperature 88
4.5.1 The Temperature Is Too High 89
How Can an Old Newspaper Survive? 91
4.5.2 The Temperature Is Too Low 93
4.5.3 The Temperature Fluctuates Too Much 94
4.6 Climate Classes and Risks 96
4.7 Conclusion 100
References 101
Chapter 5: Step 4: Assessing Building Needs 107
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Moisture 107
5.2.1 Wood Decay by Fungi in Buildings 108
5.2.2 Typical Species 109
5.2.3 Limits for Growth 110
5.2.4 Control of Wood Rot 111
5.3 Salt Attack 112
5.3.1 Damage Mechanism 113
5.3.2 Location of Salt Damage 115
5.3.3 Sources of Salt Contamination 116
5.3.4 Assessing the Risk of Salt Contamination 116
5.4 Frost Damage 124
5.5 Corrosion of Metals 125
5.6 Wood Deterioration by Insects in Buildings 126
5.7 Decorative Finishes 129
5.7.1 Gilt Leather 130
5.7.2 Traditional Wallpaper 131
5.8 A Case Study 131
5.9 Conclusions 132
References 136
Chapter 6: Step 5: Assessing Human Comfort Needs 139
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 Parameters Influencing Thermal Comfort 140
6.3 Fanger´s PMV Model 141
6.4 Adaptive Comfort 144
6.5 Indoor Air Quality 144
6.6 Alliesthesia 147
6.7 Uniform or Local Conditioning? 148
6.8 Conclusions 149
References 150
Chapter 7: Step 6: Understanding the Indoor Climate 151
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 First Barrier Principle 152
7.3 Heat 155
7.3.1 Understanding Heat Transfer 157
7.3.2 Heat Sources 159
7.3.3 Thermal Bridges 167
7.3.4 Thermal Mass 170
Special: Roofs in the Tropics 175
Special: Dew Point and Condensation 176
7.4 Air 177
7.4.1 Infiltration 178
7.4.2 Ventilation 178
7.4.3 Air Flow 179
7.5 Moisture 180
7.5.1 Vapor Transport by Diffusion 184
7.5.2 Vapor Transport by Convection 186
7.5.3 Water Transport by Capillary Sorption 186
7.5.4 Interstitial Condensation 189
7.5.5 Hygric Mass 191
7.6 Conclusion 194
References 196
Chapter 8: Step 7: Defining Climate Specifications 198
8.1 Introduction 198
8.2 Combining Collection, Building and Human Needs 200
8.3 Zoning 200
8.4 The Process 204
8.5 A Case Study 210
8.6 Conclusions 213
References 215
Chapter 9: Step 8: Mitigating Strategies 216
9.1 Introduction 216
9.2 Climate Control Strategies 217
9.3 Adapting the (Historic) Building 219
9.3.1 Architectural Engineering Measures 220
9.3.2 Improving Original Windows 220
9.3.3 Adding Secondary Glazing 223
9.3.4 Insulating the Building Envelope 223
9.3.5 Reducing Infiltration 225
A Case Study of Recirculation 226
9.3.6 Use of Buffering Materials 230
9.4 From `Low´ to `Ultra-low´ Energy Storage 230
9.5 From Building Level to Object Level 232
9.6 Climate Control Concepts 235
9.6.1 Introducing Active Climate Control 236
9.6.2 Limited Climate Control Systems 240
Mobile Humidification 240
Mobile Dehumidification 242
Hygrostatic or Conservation Heating 242
Cooling 244
9.6.3 Full Climate Control 245
Air Distribution Principles 247
Ventilation Rate 249
Central Humidification 250
Central Dehumidification and Cooling 251
Air Filtering 251
9.7 Measurement and Control 251
9.7.1 Delivery and Warranty 253
9.7.2 Maintenance and Management 254
9.7.3 Equipment Failure Protocol 254
9.7.4 Operating Costs 255
9.8 Conclusions 256
9.8.1 Water and Condensation 257
Dust and Gaseous Pollution 257
Design Aspects 258
References 258
Chapter 10: Step 9: Weighing Alternatives 262
10.1 Introduction 262
10.2 Cost Benefit Analysis 264
10.2.1 The Costs 264
10.2.2 The Benefits 264
10.3 Multi-criteria Analysis 266
10.4 A Case Study 269
10.5 Conclusions 276
References 278
Chapter 11: Conclusions and Recommendations 279
11.1 Introduction 279
11.2 Conclusions 284
11.3 Recommendations 289
11.4 Quick Reference Guide 291
Appendices 294
Appendix 1: Glossary and Explanatory Notes 294
Appendix 2: Managing Risks to Collections 301
Physical Forces 301
Fire 301
Criminals and Vandals 302
Water 302
Pests 302
Pollutants 302
Radiation 302
Incorrect Temperature 305
Incorrect Relative Humidity 305
Dissociation 305
Roadmap to Risk Assessment 305
Appendix 3: The Psychrometric Chart 306
Appendix 4: Measuring the Indoor Climate 307
Appendix 5: Calculation of Expected Lifetime of Objects 309
Appendix 6: Conversion of Relative Humidity into Absolute Humidity 310
Appendix 7: Schematic Representation of Relative Humidity Conditions in Climate Classes AA, A, and B 311
Index 316