Whiplash Injuries

1 - General Aspects.- Whiplash: an Interdisciplinary Challenge.- Functional Anatomy.- Kinematics and Dynamics of the Vehicle/Seat/Occupant System Regarding Whiplash Injuries.- Whiplash Lesions: Orthopaedic Considerations.- The Neurological Point of View.- The Radiological Evaluation.- 2 - Physiopathology.- Pathophysiology of Whiplash Associated Disorders: Theories and Controversies.- Postural Studies on Whiplash Injuries.- Whiplash Effects on Hypothalamus and the Sympathetic System.- Whiplash Effects on the Vestibulo-oculomotor System.- 3 - Evaluation.- Anamnesis and Clinical Evaluation.- Voluntary Eye Movements in Whiplash Injuries.- Optokinetic Nistagmus and Visuo-vestibular Interaction in Whiplash Injuries.- Vestibulo-ocular Reflexes and Visuo-vestibular Interaction.- Abducting Interocular Ophthalmoplegia After Whiplash Injuries.- Instrumental Evaluation of the Posture.- Posturography and Vertigo.- Diagnosis and Treatment of Equilibrium Disorders in Whiplash Injuries: Posture and Stance Disorders.- Medico-legal Aspects.- 4 - Treatment.- Pharmacological Treatment of Whiplash Injury.- Whiplash Injury: Orthopaedic and Rehabilitative Approach to Neck Pathology.- Acupuncture and Neuroreflexology.- Physiotherapy of the Neck, Back and Pelvis in Patients with Whiplash Injuries.- Neurorehabilitation of Ataxia.- Visual Feedback Center of Gravity Reeducation.- Ski Trainer Oscillating Platform: Proprioceptive Reeducation.- Vestibular Electrical Stimulation.- Neurophysiological Investigation of the Relation Between Vestibular Activation and Cervicospinal Reflex.- The Therapeutic Strategy.