Modelling Behaviour (eBook)

Scientific Committee 5
Contents 7
Contributors 12
Introduction 19
Part I 24
1 Modelling Aggregate Behaviour 27
Abstract 27
Aim and Context---Behavioural Modelling for Aggregate Architectures 27
State of the Art 28
Methods 29
Computational Modelling---Mathematical and Material Model 29
Mathematical Model---DEM 29
Material Model---Online-Controlled Robotics 29
Results 29
Case Study One: Simulation of an Aggregate Arch 30
Case Study Two: Online-Controlled Robotic Grading of an Aggregate Wall 33
Discussion---Modelling Aggregate Behaviour 35
Outlook---Synthesizing Behavioural Models 36
Acknowledgements 36
References 36
2 A Multiscale Adaptive Mesh Refinement Approach to Architectured Steel Specification in the Design of a Frameless Stressed Skin Structure 38
Abstract 38
Introduction 38
ISF Process 39
Stressed Skin Structures 39
Research Objective: A Mesh-Based Approach to Communication Across Scales 40
Modelling Framework 41
Strategy and Computational Tooling 42
Macro Scale 42
Preconfiguration 42
Generative Model 42
Panelisation Model 43
Initial FE Model 45
Meso Scale 45
Refined FE Model 45
Strategic Dimpling and Lower Skin Fabrication Model 45
Macro Scale 46
Reaction Diffusion 46
Meso to Micro Scale 47
Variable Resolution Quad Mesh 47
Calibrating Micro Scale Calculations using Vickers Hardness and Optical Microscopy 49
Micro to Meso Scale 49
Depth Modulation and Upper Skin Fabrication Model 49
Fabrication and Toolpathing 51
Discussion 53
Acknowledgements 55
References 55
3 Topology Optimisation for Steel Structural Design with Additive Manufacturing 56
Abstract 56
Introduction 56
Structural Design and Analysis 57
Topology Optimisation 57
Additive Manuacturing 58
Steel Node Design 59
Traditional Node 60
AM Node 1.0 60
AM Node 2.0 61
Conclusion 65
Acknowledgements 65
References 65
4 Challenges of Scale Modelling Material Behaviour of Additive-Manufactured Nodes 66
Abstract 66
Introduction 66
Background 67
Additive Manufacturing in Metals 67
Node Precedents 68
Design and Optimisation for Additive Manufacture 68
The Smartnodes Design System and Prototypes 69
Discussion 70
Flexibility for Customisation in Construction 70
Optimisation for Broader Criteria 71
Conclusion 71
References 72
5 Form-Finding and Design Potentials of Bending-Active Plate Structures 73
Abstract 73
Introduction 73
Design Approaches to Bending-Active Plate Structures 74
Self-strutted Geodesic Plydomes 74
ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2010 75
Form-Finding and Analysis of Bending-Active Plate Structures 76
Case Studies that Render New Potentials 77
Case Study 1---Effective Pinching 77
Case Study 2---Mutual Reinforcement 78
Case Study 3---Functionalized Instability 79
Conclusion 82
References 82
6 Form-Finding of Architectural Membranes in a CAD-Environment Using the AiCAD-Concept 84
Abstract 84
Introduction and Motivation 84
The AiCAD Concept and Its Implementation 86
The AiCAD Concept 86
The Isogeometric B-Rep Analysis (IBRA) 87
B-Rep as Standard for Geometry Description 88
IBRA as Generalization of the IGA Concept 88
Implementation in Rhinoceros 89
Form-Finding as an Application of AiCAD 89
Form-Finding of a Prototype Five-Point Sail 89
Form-Finding of a Full Scale Tent with Integrated Eye-Cable 91
Conclusions and Outlook 92
Acknowledgements 92
References 92
7 Balancing Behaviours---Designing with Combinatorial Equilibrium Models 94
Abstract 94
Introduction 94
Technical Framework 95
Graphic Statics 95
Representation of CEM 96
Structural Design Process with CEM 96
Case Studies 98
Stress Analysis 98
Form-Finding 98
Active Design 100
Conclusion 104
Acknowledgments 105
References 105
8 Hybrid Tower, Designing Soft Structures 106
Abstract 106
Introduction 107
Structural Concept of the Hybrid Tower 108
Computational Modelling Approach 109
Challenges 109
Computational Workflow 110
Generative Modelling Methods 110
Analytical Modelling Methods 111
Fabrication and Construction 113
Designing the Knitted Membrane Material 113
Generating Fabrication Data 114
Assembling the Tower 115
Post Construction Analysis 115
Conclusion 117
Acknowledgement 118
References 118
9 Integrating Differentiated Knit Logics and Pre-Stress in Textile Hybrid Structures 119
Abstract 119
Introduction 119
Textile Hybrid Structural System 120
Differentiating Rib-Knit Behaviour 122
Mobius Rib-Knit Prototype 123
Relating Force Distribution and Knit Program 124
Conclusion 126
Acknowledgements 129
References 129
10 Thermal Responsive Envelope: Computational Assembling Behavioural Composites by Additive and Subtractive Processes 130
Abstract 130
Introduction 131
Methods 132
Parametric Model 132
Environmental Simulation Model 132
Evolutionary Model 132
Design Experimentation 134
Results 134
Conclusions 138
References 139
11 Formations of Energy: Modelling Toward an Understanding of Open Thermodynamic Systems 140
Abstract 140
Introduction 140
Background 141
An Open World 141
Modelling Practices are Isolating 141
Toward an Understanding of Open Systems 142
Methods 142
Constructive Energy Exchanges and Their Boundaries---Forest Succession 144
Destructive Energy Exchanges and Their Boundaries---Lightning and Fire Disturbances 147
Destructive Energy Exchanges and Their Boundaries---Wind Disturbances 148
Destructive Energy Exchanges and Their Boundaries---Pest Disturbance 149
Destructive Energy Exchanges and Their Boundaries---Clear Cutting Disturbance 149
Discussion 152
Boundaries of Narrative 152
Boundaries of Computational Scope 152
Conclusion 152
References 153
12 Thinking Massively Parallel: Design Modelling Thermoactive Architecture 154
Abstract 154
Introduction 154
Introduction to Thermoactive Architecture 155
Chinatown Branch Library and Simulation Challenges 156
Towards Massively Parallel Simulation 157
Parallelization Methodology 159
Further Acceleration 160
Paralllel Daylight and Thermoactive Design Thinking 160
Conclusions and Future Work 164
References 164
13 The Architecture of the ILL-Tempered Environment 166
Abstract 166
Introduction 166
The Design for ILL-Tempered Environment 168
Many Versus One 168
Understanding the Given Site Through Movement and Change 169
Introducing Actuators, Sensors and Controllers 170
Surveillance and Real-Time Data Collection 171
Control and Information Processing 171
Conclusions 174
Acknowledgements 174
References 174
14 Designing the Desert 175
Abstract 175
Introduction 175
The Shapes and Textures of the Desert 176
Computational Generation of Ripples 178
Topology 178
3D Structure 179
Optimizing the Ripples 180
Conclusions 184
Acknowledgments 184
References 184
Part II 185
15 Digital Inca: An Assembly Method for Free-Form Geometries 188
Abstract 188
Introduction 189
Inca Architecture 189
Hammerstones 190
Quarrying and Configuring 190
Fitting 191
Templating 191
Dry Fitting 191
Finishing and Dressing: The Wedge Method 191
Mortar Bed Versus Dry Fit 192
Translation Prototypes 192
Prototype 01 193
Prototype 02 193
Method 193
Geometry 194
Structural Computation 194
Machining 196
Assembly 196
Conclusions 200
Acknowledgments 200
References 200
16 Decomposing Three-Dimensional Shapes into Self-supporting, Discrete-Element Assemblies 202
Abstract 202
Introduction 202
Related Work 204
Objectives and Outline 204
Decomposition Process 204
Equilibrium Calculation 205
Interface-Force Diagrams 206
Feedback and Equilibrium Modification 207
Results 207
Case Study One 209
Case Study Two 209
Case Study Three 209
Conclusion 215
Acknowledgments 215
17 Computational Brick Stacking for Constructing Free-Form Structures 217
Abstract 217
The Natural Ecosystem 217
A New Material System 218
The Design to Testing Workflow 219
The Design Challenge 220
The Computational Model 221
Feedback and Integration 224
Conclusion 226
References 226
18 Automated Casting Systems for Spatial Concrete Lattices 227
Abstract 227
Introduction: Lightweight UHPFC Structures as a Potential Solution to Sustainable Concrete Construction 228
Background 228
Overal Context 228
From Nanometric Metamaterials to Lightweight Concrete Lattices 229
Research by Design: Experiments at EZCT Architecture & Design Research
U-Cube: Universal Cube for Discrete Construction (2009--2012) 232
Studies in Recursive Lattices (2012--2013) 232
Research by Design: Experiments at UCL Bartlett (B-Pro, Graduate Architectural Design, Research Cluster 5) 234
Three Dimensional Fabric Formwork System (Project by Zhe Xing and Danli Yu), 2013--2014 234
Clay Robotics (Project by Jiashuang Sun, Kelvin Ho and Sihan Wang), 2013--2014 234
Conclusion: Integrating Multiple Constraints Within the Algorithmic Design 236
Acknowledgements 237
References 237
19 Additive Manufacturing and Multi-Objective Optimization of Graded Polystyrene Aggregate Concrete Structures 238
Abstract 238
Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing 239
Large Scale Integrative Approach 240
Ga-Based Multi-Objective Optimization Form-Finding Algorithm 240
Robotic Fabrication System 242
Fabricated Prototypes 243
Mechanical Testing 244
Conclusion 247
References 248
20 Integrated Design and Fabrication Strategies for Fibrous Structures 249
Abstract 249
Introduction 249
Investigations and Technical Challenges 251
Biological Investigation 251
Bio-inspired Fabrication Strategies for Pneumatic Formwork 251
Technical Challenges 252
Integrated Design Strategies, Methods and Processes 253
Project Specific Integrated Design Strategies 253
Design Space and Form Finding Methods 254
Agent Based Computational Method 255
Adaptive Online Robotic Process 256
Result and Conclusions 257
Acknowledgments 257
References 257
21 Automated and User Controlled Variation and Optimization of Grid Structures 258
Abstract 258
Introduction 258
Automated Loop Processes and User Input 260
Cross Sectional Variation 261
Density Variation: Grid Spacing 261
Case Study: Repetitive Rectangular Grid 263
Conclusions 265
References 266
22 Simulation Methods for the Erection of Strained Grid Shells Via Pneumatic Falsework 267
Abstract 267
Dome Case Study 268
Scaled Physical Model 268
Young's Modulus of Acrylic Beams 269
Photogrammetry 271
Results and Observations 271
Air Pressure 272
Uplift 272
Comparison with Finite Element Simulations 273
FE Simulations 273
Erection Stages 273
Coupling Elements and Contact Springs 274
Results 275
Conclusion 277
Acknowledgements 277
References 277
23 From 3-Point-Constellations to Self-organizing Folded/Bent Spatial Configurations 279
Abstract 279
Context 279
Physical Experiments and Resulting Constraints for Geometrical Setup 282
3D Scans as References 283
Curvature Analysis 284
Simulation of Geometry 286
Simulation Tool 287
Conclusion and Perspective 289
References 290
24 Simulating Fusion: An Epistemological Analysis of a New Design Tool for an Imminent Multi-material Future 292
Abstract 292
Introduction 293
Additive Manufacturing Developments 293
Further Outlook 293
Multi-material Printing 293
Multi-materiality in Architecture and Graded Information CAD 293
Existing Software Critique 294
Research Question, Methodology and Design Objectives 294
Framework Definition 294
Particle System Elements and Research Problem 294
Simulation and Reality 294
Design Brief Definition 295
Accumulative Roll Bonding Multi-material Manufacturing 295
Material Type Selection 296
Design Experiments 296
Experimentation Objective 296
Simulation Global Parameter Set-Out 296
Continuing Research Delimitation 297
Exercise 1: Agency Informed by Accumulative Roll Bonding 297
Critique 298
Invasive Versus Non-contact Forces 298
Exercise 2: Agency Informed by Loading Conditions 298
Result and Critique 299
Applications and Discussion 300
Alternative Applications of the Design Methodology 300
Conclusion 301
References 301
25 Modelling Behaviour for Distributed Additive Manufacturing 303
Abstract 303
Introduction 304
Distributed Construction: Background 305
Additive Manufacturing: Background 305
Behavioural Model for a Cable-Suspended Robotic Construction System: Implementation Strategy 305
Hardware 305
Software 306
Behavioural Model for a Cable-Suspended Robotic Construction System: Rule-Sets and Adaptation 307
Main Rule Set 308
Adaptation to Material Conditions 308
Adaptation to Design Intent 308
Evaluation and Discussion 309
Acknowledgements 310
References 310
26 Design Equilibrium of Form, Materiality and Fabrication: A Bacterial-Inspired Multidisciplinary Optimisation Strategy for Free-Form Concrete Structures 311
Abstract 311
Introduction 311
Integrative Concept 312
Developed Production Process 312
Construction Method and Load Bearing Effect 314
Multidisciplinary Optimisation Strategy 315
Biological Role Model of the Optimisation Algorithm 315
Transfer and Digital Implementation 316
Digital Framework 317
Variables of Optimisation and Objective Function 317
Results: Designing and Applications 318
Wide Spanning Shell Structure 318
Physical Prototype 319
Conclusion 320
References 320
27 Design with Material Uncertainty: Responsive Design and Fabrication in Architecture 322
Abstract 322
Introduction 322
Background 323
Material Uncertainty Within the Professional Model and Informal Production 323
The Professional Model 324
Informal Production 324
Responsive Design and Fabrication 324
IDR 325
Two Design and Fabrication Experiments 327
Experiment 1: Scrap Wall 327
Experiment 2: ``Scrap Column'' 330
Conclusions 333
Limitation and Future Research 333
Acknowledgements 334
References 334
28 Harnessing the Informal Processes Around the Computational Design Model 335
Abstract 335
Introduction 335
Context 336
A Strategic Framework of Boundary Objects 337
Deployed Boundary Objects 338
Applied Strategies in Project Development 341
Concluding Remarks 344
Acknowledgements 345
References 345
29 A Generic Communication Library for Human-Robot Interaction on Construction Sites 346
Abstract 346
Introduction 346
Technical Requirements 347
API-Independent Communications 348
Abstraction Management via Progressive Enhancement 348
Template Metaprogramming Compatibility 349
Architecture 349
Dual Full-Duplex TCP Connection 349
Dictionary-Based Nested Messages 349
Distribution as Robot Languages Extension Packages 352
Implementation 352
Channel Creation Over a TCP/IP Socket 352
Message Reception (Instruction Content Streaming) 352
Message Emission (Robot Monitoring) 353
Mono-threaded Program Example 353
Multi-threaded Program Example 354
Towards Applications of Real-Time Trajectory Edition with Sensors 354
Integration of Machine Localization 354
Adaptation to Process-Specific Context Variables 355
Conclusion 355
References 356
Part III 357
30 Towards AI Drawing Agents 360
Abstract 360
Introduction 360
Motivation 360
Cppn-Neat 361
Problem 362
Method 362
Parameterization 362
Classic Optimization 364
Connectivity Patterns and Scalability 364
Agent Vision and Scalability 367
Biased Agent Navigation 368
Complex, Re-usable ANNs 369
Re-useable Navigation Agents 370
Conclusion 371
References 372
31 Agent-Based Decision Control---How to Appreciate Multivariate Optimisation in Architecture 373
Abstract 373
Introduction 373
Background 374
Method 374
The Moth Algorithm 374
Part 1 376
Part 2 376
Objective Functions 377
Results 377
Part 1 377
Part 2 379
Discussion and Further Research 382
Conclusion 383
Acknowledgments 383
References 383
32 Implementation of Decentralized Version Control in Collective Design Modelling 385
Abstract 385
Introduction 386
Accumulation of Knowledge and Beyond 386
Present Tools and Previous Studies 386
Idea and Methods of Collaborative Modeling 386
Internet and Methods from Software Development 386
Functions of Modern CAD and BIM Software 387
System and Flow 388
The User Work Flow 388
The Software Architecture 390
Non-human User, Automated Generation of Models 390
The Social Architecture 391
Results 392
Discussion 394
Conclusion 396
Summary 396
Further Exploration 396
References 396
33 Assessing Implicit Knowledge in BIM Models with Machine Learning 398
Abstract 398
Introduction 398
State of the Art 399
Applications of Machine Learning 400
Implementation 400
Unsupervised Learning: Anomaly Detection 402
Supervised Learning: Neural Networks 403
Conclusion 406
References 407
34 BIM-PIM-CIM: The Challenges of Modelling Urban Design Behaviours Between Building and City Scales 408
Abstract 408
PIM: Stuck Between Two Stools 408
From BIM to PIM? 409
Some Novel Approaches to Modelling Precinct Behaviour 410
Punggol 411
Drawing from AURIN 411
Rapid Precinct Design---Datasets Used Generatively 412
Creative Disruption: Adding Complex Adaptive Systems to the Mix 413
Conclusion 417
35 EPIFLOW: Adaptive Analytical Design Framework for Resilient Urban Water Systems 419
Abstract 419
Background 420
Framework and Methodology 420
Epiflow Design Process 421
GIS Data Formatting and Input 421
Site Sampling and Simulation Setup 423
Modeling Water Flow 424
Water Basin Delineation 425
Compute Storm Event Runoff Using the Rational Method 425
Water Usage and Infrastructural Carrying Capacity 427
Case Study Application in Design Studio 430
Conclusion 430
Acknowledgments 431
References 431
36 Integrated Forest Biometrics for Landscape-Responsive Coastal Urbanism 432
Abstract 432
Introduction 432
Review of Models and Parameters 434
Mangrove Forest Model 434
3d Urban Model 435
Methodology for Integration 436
Results 437
Conclusion, Discussion and Future Work 439
Acknowledgements 441
References 441
37 Ubiquitous Monitoring and Adaptation of the Tempered Environment 443
Abstract 443
Background 443
Building Automation System and Passive Controls 444
Data Collection Method 444
Experiment 1---Thermodynamics of a Raised Floor System 449
Experiment 2---Mechanically Assisted Exhaust and Thermal Comfort 452
Conclusion and Future Work 454
References 455
38 Keeping an Eye Out: Real Time, Real World Modeling of Behavior in Health Care Settings 456
Abstract 456
Background 457
Method 457
VALSE Interface 458
Visualization Panel 458
Event Timeline 459
Creating Events 461
Spatial Proxemics in Event Identification (Figs. 6, 7) 461
Bottom-Up Design Recipes 461
Applications for VALSE System 462
Future Work: Health Care Settings 463
References 464
39 Energy Efficiency Assessment Based on Realistic Occupancy Patterns Obtained Through Stochastic Simulation 465
Abstract 465
Introduction 466
Case Study 466
Building Spaces and Ventilation Requirements for Indoor Air Quality 467
Internal Heat Gains Due to People and Equipment 468
Occupancy Patterns and Schedule of the Classrooms 468
Methodology 469
Results 471
Conclusions 473
References 473
40 Boosting the Efficiency of Architectural Visual Scripts 475
Abstract 475
Introduction 475
Programming and Software Engineering Concepts Supporting the Strategy 476
Algorithms 476
Structured Programming 476
Design Patterns 477
Modular Programming 477
Data Structures 477
The Extended Strategy of Visual Script Structuring 478
Strategy Application: The Script Structuring Experiment 479
Method 479
Study Sample Selection 480
The Experiment 481
Conclusions 485
References 485
41 Modelling with Forces: Grammar-Based Graphic Statics for Diverse Architectural Structures 487
Abstract 487
Introduction 487
Background 488
Grammar-Based Design 488
Structural Grammars 488
Graphic Statics 489
Combining Grammars and Graphic Statics 489
Setup 489
Conceptual Overview 489
Elements 490
Rules 490
Constraints 490
Generation Algorithm 491
Sample Generation 491
Design Tests 491
Workflow 491
User interface 491
Results 493
Exploration of Parameters 494
Global Parameter 1: Reaction Angles 494
Global Parameter 2: Generation Count 497
Rule Parameters 497
Practical Applications 498
Conclusions 498
Contributions 498
More Trial and Less Error 498
Unbiased Exploration of Diverse Design Alternatives 498
Generative Graphic Statics: Beyond Reciprocity 499
Future Work 499
Closing Remark 499
References 499
42 ShapeOp---A Robust and Extensible Geometric Modelling Paradigm 501
Abstract 501
Introduction 501
Related Work 502
Solver 503
Local Step 503
Global Step 503
Projections 504
Implementation 505
Rhino/Ghpython Implementation Examples 506
Design Process 506
Future Work 507
Conclusion 511
Acknowledgements 511
References 511
43 Iterating Towards Affordability 512
Abstract 512
Introduction 512
Prototypes 513
God's Eye 513
Halo Sukkah 514
Comparison of Technical Characteristics 515
Technical Characteristics---Comparison Table 516
Simulating Materiality 516
Construction and Fabrication Logistics 518
Conclusions 520
References 521
44 3dj: 3d Sampling Haptic and Optically Performative Textures Remixed from 3d Scans 522
Abstract 522
Introduction 522
Related Work 523
Sampling 523
Personal 3D Scanning 523
Procedural Texture Generation 524
Virtual Clay 524
Textures, Patterns, Behaviours 524
Research Question 524
Methodology 525
Overview 525
Technical Framework and Implementation 525
3D Synthesis 525
3DJ 525
Analysis 530
Case Studies 531
Landscape and Camouflage Textures 531
Haptic Textures 532
Optical Textures 533
Case Study Summary 534
Conclusion 534
Summary 534
Potential Impact 534
Future Work 535
Concluding Remarks 535
Acknowledgments 535
References 535
Author Index 537