Novel Polymeric Biochips for Enhanced Detection of Infectious Diseases (eBook)

Samira Hosseini obtained her BsC degree in Applied Physics at Tehran University, Iran and her MsC degree in Polymer Chemistry at Chemistry Department, University of Malaya, Malaysia. Currently she is finalizing her PhD degree in Biomedical Engineering at Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of Malaya, Malaysia. Her main areas of research are surface engineering, interface science, bioanalytical systems and polymeric materials. Fatimah Ibrahim obtained her PhD degree in Biomedical Engineering from University of Malaya (UM) in 2005. She was a senior lecturer at Universiti Teknologi MARA and in 1999, she joined University of Malaya, and involved in setting up one of the first Departments of Biomedical Engineering in Malaysia. She did her Biological and Micro-Electromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) research attachment at University of Irvine California in 2010. She is currently a Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Head of Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME) at UM. Her research interests are in detection and monitoring of diseases, physiological modeling and measurement, biosensors, BioMEMS and artificial intelligence applications in medicine.

Preface 6
Acknowledgments 7
Contents 8
Abbreviations 10
1 Current Optical Biosensors in Clinical Practice 12
Abstract 12
1.1 Principle of Biosensors 12
1.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 13
1.3 Sandwich ELISA 15
1.3.1 Capture Antibody Immobilization 15
1.3.2 Washing Procedure 15
1.3.3 Blocking Step 15
1.3.4 Antigen Attachment 16
1.3.5 Primary Antibody Attachment 16
1.3.6 Secondary Antibody Attachment and Reading the Signals 16
1.4 Evaluation of ELISA 16
1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of ELISA 18
1.6 Functionalization Techniques 19
References 21
2 An Alternative Chemical Approach for Development of Polymeric Analytical Platforms 24
Abstract 24
2.1 Proposed Chemical Methodology 24
2.2 Application of Developed Polymer Compositions in ELISA 26
2.3 Characterization of the Biochips 26
2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Morphology Analysis 26
2.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Topography Analysis 27
2.3.3 Water-in-Air Contact Angle Measurement, Surface Wettability 27
2.3.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Surface Chemistry 28
2.4 Infectious Diseases 29
2.5 Neglected Tropical Diseases 29
2.6 Dengue Fever 29
References 30
3 Biochips Fabrication and Surface Characterization 33
Abstract 33
3.1 Synthesis of Poly(MMA-co-MAA) Compositions 33
3.2 Fabrication of Spin-Coated Biochips 34
3.3 Application of Biochips in ELISA and Surface Modification Techniques 34
3.3.1 Physical Immobilization 35
3.3.2 Covalent Immobilization 36
3.3.3 Immobilization via Amine-Bearing Spacers 37
3.4 Morphology Analysis of the Biochips 38
3.5 Topography Analysis of the Biochips 40
3.6 Wettability of the Biochips 42
3.7 Surface Analysis of the Biochips by XPS 44
References 46
4 Application of Biochips in Dengue Virus Detection 48
Abstract 48
4.1 Physical Immobilization 48
4.1.1 Detection Range Study 48
4.1.2 Detection Performance Comparison 49
4.1.3 Calibration Curves 50
4.1.4 Evaluation of the Assay 51
4.1.5 Chemistry Aspect 52
4.2 Covalent Immobilization 53
4.3 Immobilization via Amine-Bearing Spacers 54
References 56
Summary 57
Appendices 59