Case Studies in Global School Health Promotion (eBook)

Cheryl Vince Whitman is a Senior Vice President and Division Director of the Health & Human Development Programs at Education Development Center. Carmen Aldinger is a Project Director at Education Development Center (Newton, MA), where she manages the WHO Collaborating Center to Promote Health through Schools and Communities. 

Case Studies in Global School Health Promotion 2
Cheryl Vince Whitman 3
Carmen E. Aldinger 3
From Research to Practice 3
Acknowledgments 6
Contents 7
Contributors 10
Section I Introduction and Overview of Findings 15
Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 16
Evolution of the Health-Promoting School Concept 16
Evidence of Effectiveness 20
The Reciprocal Link Between Health and Education 20
Effectiveness of Various School-Based Intervention Strategies 22
Purpose of This Book 24
Methods 24
Sample 26
References 27
Chapter 2 Framing Theories and Implementation Research 31
Definitions 31
Theory and Research on Implementation 32
Vision and Concept/International and National Guidelines 34
Dedicated Time and Resources 34
Stakeholder Ownership and Participation 35
Team Training and Ongoing Coaching/Learning Community 36
Cross-Sector Collaboration 37
Champions and Leaders at all Levels 38
Data-Driven Planning and Decision-Making 38
Administrative and Management Support 39
Adapting to Local Concerns 40
Attention to External Forces 40
Critical Mass and Supportive Norms 41
Stage of Readiness 41
References 42
Chapter 3 Overview of Findings from Case Study Analysis 46
Reasons the Programs Were Launched 46
HPS Components Implemented, Level of Education, and Reach 47
Insights: What Factors Supported Implementation? 48
Vision and Concept, International and National Guidelines (Policies) 49
Dedicated Time and Resources 53
Stakeholder Ownership and Participation 62
Team Training, Ongoing Coaching, and Participation in a Learning Community 65
Cross-Sector Collaboration 69
Champions and Leaders at all Levels 74
Data-Driven Planning and Decision Making 77
Administrative and Management Support 79
Adaptation to Local Concerns 81
Attention to External Forces 83
Critical Mass and Supportive Norms 84
Stage of Readiness 86
Conclusions 87
The Wheel of Factors Influencing Implementation of Policy and Practice 87
Monitoring and Evaluation 90
Recommendations 91
References 92
Section 2 Case Studies 94
Chapter 4 Kenya: Action-Oriented and Participatory Health Education in Primary Schools 95
Contextual Introduction Brief Introduction to the Country 95
Impetus and Origin of the School Health Program 95
Overview of the School Health Program 96
Scope of Implementation 97
Specific Aspects of Implementation Vision 102
Training 103
Critical Mass 103
Resources/Local Adaptation 103
Conclusions and Insights 104
Recommendations 104
References 105
Chapter 5 Mauritius: Health Promotion for Youth 106
Contextual Introduction Brief Introduction to the Country 106
Social and Economic Indicators 107
Impetus, Origin, and Leadership 107
Overview of the School Health Program Dates Boundaries 108
Key Cast of Players 109
Reach 109
Scope of Implementation 109
Summary of Achievements and Impact 110
Specific Aspects of Implementation Goal/Vision 110
Scaling Up 111
Conclusions and Insights 112
Reference 112
Chapter 6 Nigeria: Health-Promoting Schools 114
Contextual Introduction Country Situation 114
School Enrollment 115
Overview of the School Health Program Coordination of School Health Activities in Nigeria 115
Rapid Assessment and Action Planning Process (RAAPP) 116
School Health Service in Nigeria 116
The National School Health System Assessment 117
Specific Aspects of Implementing the HPS Initiative in Nigeria 117
Objectives 117
Preintervention Advocacy Visit and Community Mobilization 118
Trainings 118
Water and Sanitation 118
Expected Follow-Up School Activities 119
Memorandum of Understanding 120
Monitoring and Evaluation 120
Phase 1 HPS 120
Phase 2 HPS 122
Conclusion 122
References 123
Chapter 7 South Africa: Sapphire Road Primary 124
Contextual Introduction Introduction to Country and Province 124
Social and Economic Indicators 124
Level 124
Impetus, Origin of Rebuilding 125
Overview of School Health Program 125
Achievements 126
Specific Aspects of Implementation Vision 129
Further Development 130
Community Participation (Stakeholder Ownership and Participation) 132
Champions and Leadership 132
Conclusion and Insights 135
Reference 135
Chapter 8 Barbados: School Health Case Study 136
Contextual Introduction 136
Political, Social, and Economic Indicators 136
Education System 137
Overview of the School Health Program Date Boundaries/Key Players 137
Specific Aspects of Implementation 138
Summary of Achievements 139
Conclusions and Insights Some Drawbacks 140
The Way Forward 140
Reference 141
Chapter 9 Brazil: Addressing the Social Determinants of Health: The Experience of a Municipal School in Rio de Janeiro 142
Introduction 142
The Brazilian Context 143
Aspects of Implementation Addressing the Determinants of Health and Education 144
Coordinating with Health Services to Provide Basic Care 144
Introducing Art as an Educational and Health-Promoting Tool 145
Addressing the Subjective Dimensions of Power 147
Focusing on the Institutional Project 148
Permanently Seeking Partnerships 149
A Supportive Public Policy 149
Highlights and Lessons Learned 150
References 151
Chapter 10 Canada: The Evolution of Healthy Schools in Ontario, Canada: Top-Down and Bottom-Up 152
Contextual Introduction 152
Overview of the School Health Programs Overview of the Toronto ‘‘Health Action Team’’ Initiative 153
Healthy Schools in Middlesex-London: 14 Years and Counting! 155
Toronto Achievements and Impact 156
Middlesex-London Achievements and Impact 156
Specific Aspects of Implementation Champions and Leaders at All Levels 158
Team Training and Ongoing Coaching/Learning Community 159
Stakeholder Ownership and Participation 161
Lessons Learned and Recommendations 162
References 165
Chapter 11 Nicaragua: The Social ‘‘Treasure’’ of Participation 167
Contextual Introduction Basic Data 167
Overview of the School Health Program The Institutional Fabric 169
Building on Previous Experiences 169
Scope and Outreach 170
Revisiting Conceptual Frameworks from a Practice-Oriented Perspective 170
Taking Ideas into Implementation 171
Proposed Implementation Cycle for HFS 172
Specific Aspects of Implementation 172
Achievements and Impact 173
Conclusions and Insights Main Factors Contributing to Success 174
Unfinished Business and Challenges 176
References 177
Chapter 12 USA: The Michigan Journey Toward Coordinated School Health 178
Contextual Introduction 178
About the USA 179
The Great Lakes State: About Michigan 179
Overview of the School Health Program School Health in the USA 180
Early Developments of School Health in Michigan 181
Specific Aspects of Implementation Building Capacity to Deliver Coordinated School Health 182
Changing the Way We Do Business: Moving Toward a CSHP Model 183
The Time Is Right: Capitalizing on Emerging Health and Safety Concerns 184
Together We Can Do More: Pooling and Leveraging Resources 185
Securing Additional Funding 186
Advocacy and the Power of Parents 187
The Power of a Champion: Selling School Health Through Leaders 188
Working Smarter: Using Data to Drive Decisions 189
Helping Schools Move Toward a Coordinated School Health Approach 189
Putting It All Together: MICHIANA 190
Lessons Learned and Conclusion 191
References 192
Chapter 13 Uruguay: Mainstreaming Health Promotion in Education Policies 194
Contextual Introduction 194
Education and Health Context 194
Overview of the School Health Program 195
Specific Aspects of Implementation 196
Implementation in the Labyrinth of Words and Tools 199
References 200
Chapter 14 Germany: Anschub.de – ‘‘Alliance for Sustainable School Health and Education’’ 201
Contextual Introduction Educational and Health Indicators 201
Brief History and Context for the Case and Date Boundaries 202
Key Cast of Players/Agencies 202
Overview of the School Health Program Vision and Challenges 203
Specific Aspects of Implementation Self-Evaluation 204
Major Factors of Implementation Theory Illustrated in this Case 206
Conclusion: Reflection for Implementation 207
References 209
Chapter 15 Kosovo: A Health-Promoting Schools Approach to Reduce the Risks of Lead Poisoning and to Establish Cross-Ethnic Collaboration 210
Contextual Introduction 210
The Problem 211
The Response: Building the Health-Promoting School Network 212
Conclusions 216
References 217
Chapter 16 Poland: The Health-Promoting School National Certificate 218
Contextual Introduction Background 218
School System 218
School Health Education 219
Overview of Health-Promoting School Program in Poland 219
Reach 220
Scope of Implementation 220
Specific Aspects of Implementation of the Health-Promoting School 222
New Model and National Standards of Health-Promoting School 222
Indicators and Tools for Self-Evaluation in Health-Promoting Schools 224
The Health-Promoting School National Certificate 224
Conclusions and Recommendations 228
References 229
Chapter 17 Scotland: Sustaining the Development of Health-Promoting Schools: The Experience of Scotland in the European Context 230
Contextual Introduction Population and Health 230
The Political Context 231
The Education Context 231
Overview of Health-Promoting Schools in Scotland and the European Network of Health-Promoting Schools History 231
The Research Context and the Influence of Europe 232
Specific Features in the Scottish Example 233
Research Base 233
Early Impetus 234
National Implementation 235
Conclusions on the Factors Involved in Stimulating and Sustaining This Change Working with Complexity 237
The Partnership Model: Being Persistent and Being Sensitive to Language, Concepts, and Structures 238
Utilizing the Political Will to Improve Health 239
Building Continuity, Capacity, and the Evidence Base 239
References 241
Chapter 18 Bahrain: National Comprehensive School Health Program, Health-Promoting Schools 244
Contextual Introduction 244
Health and Education Indicators 245
The Ministry of Health As One of the Key Players 246
Overview of the School Health Program Impetus and Origin of the School Health Program 248
Scope of Implementation 248
Specific Aspects of Implementation Policy Directives 251
Collaboration 252
Conclusions and Insights 253
Chapter 19 Oman: Health-Promoting Schools: Collaboration and Investment 255
Contextual Introduction 255
Education in Oman 256
Health in Oman 256
Impetus and Origin of the School Health Program 257
Overview of the HPS Initiative in Oman 260
Scope of Implementation 261
Specific Aspects of Implementation Preparation Phase 262
Implementation Phase 264
Assessment Phase 265
Conclusions and Insights Success Factors 266
Constraints 266
Future Plan 266
Conclusion 266
References 268
Chapter 20 United Arab Emirates: Health-Promoting Schools: Strategies for Policy Change 269
Contextual Introduction 269
Overview of the UAE School Health Program 270
Strategic Plans 270
School Health Program Policy 270
Financial and Human Resources 271
The Components and Implementation of School Health Program 271
Revision of the School Health Program 274
Challenges 275
Implementing the Health-Promoting Schools Initiative 275
Generating Support 275
Capacity Building 277
Ensuring WHO Guidance 278
Agreement Between Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education 278
Higher Coordinating Committee 279
Appointment of a National Coordinator 279
Formation of a Core Technical Team of Trainers 280
Establishment of Criteria for the Selection of Piloting Health-Promoting Schools 280
Monitoring and Evaluation of a HPS Program 280
Health-Promoting Schools in Remote Areas Introduction of the Concept 281
Preparatory Phase 281
Approaches Used for Implementation 282
Practical Steps 282
Outcome 282
References 285
Chapter 21 China: Implementing Health-Promoting Schools in Zhejiang Province, China 286
Contextual Introduction Brief Introduction to the Country and Province 286
Origin of Health-Promoting Schools in Zhejiang Province 287
Overview of the School Health Program 287
Scope of Implementation of HPS Components 288
Summary of Achievements and Impact 289
Specific Aspects of Implementation 290
Attention to External Forces 290
Gaining Leadership Support 293
Administrative and Management Support 294
Adaptation to Local Concerns 294
Training 295
Conclusions, Insights, and Recommendations 296
References 299
Chapter 22 Hong Kong: Health-Promoting Schools 300
Contextual Introduction Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 300
Social and Economic Status of Hong Kong SAR 301
Hong Kong Health Education Environment and Health-Promoting Schools 301
Overview of the School Health Program Date Boundaries 302
Key Players Putting HPS in Practice 302
Reaching Out to Schools 304
Scope of Implementation Development of an Evaluation Framework 305
Scaling of HPS Movement 307
Local and Overseas Seminars and Workshops 307
Supporting Schools in Crisis Management 307
Health Promotion Activities for Families, Staff, and Communities 308
Development of Ten Health Content Areas for Different Grades 308
Specific Aspects of Implementation 309
Summary of Achievements and Impact 309
Conclusions and Recommendations 310
References 315
Chapter 23 India: Implementing Health-Promoting Schools: HOPE Initiative 318
Contextual Introduction Brief Introduction to the Country 318
Social and Economic Indicators of India Health Indicators 319
Impetus, Origin, and Leadership of the School Health Program 320
Levels of Schools 321
Overview of the School Health Program 321
Date Boundaries 322
Key Cast of Players/Agencies 322
Selection of Schools 322
Reach 323
Scope of Implementation 323
Mode of Action 325
Analysis of Specific Aspects of Implementations 325
What Worked and Was Successful? 327
What Did Not Work or Was Challenging? 327
What Barriers Needed to Be Overcome? 328
Conclusions, Insights, and Recommendations 328
References 328
Chapter 24 Lao PDR: Strengthening the School Health Initiative 330
Contextual Introduction Geography and Population 330
Governance and Political System 330
Social Economic Indicators 331
Health and Education Status 331
Start of the School Health Program 332
Overview of the School Health Program 332
Specific Aspects of Implementation Development of the School Health Policy and Strategic Guidelines 334
Improvement of Existing Health Education Curriculum 335
Educational Material Development 335
Integration of School Health into Teacher-Training Institution 336
Conclusions and Recommendations 336
References 337
Chapter 25 Philippines: Supporting Health Promotion in Schools Through the Urbani School Health Kit 339
Introduction Country Profile 340
The Basic Education System 340
Promoting Health in Schools 341
Overview of the School Health Program About the Urbani School Health Kit 342
Teachers’ Workshop on Using the Urbani School Health Kit 345
Implementation of the Urbani School Health Kit 345
Results of the Monitoring Activity 345
Specific Aspects of Implementation Vision and Concept 347
Champions, Leadership, and Advocacy 348
Team Training and Ongoing Coaching 348
Mechanism for Cross-Sector Collaboration 348
Conclusion and Recommendations 349
References 350
Chapter 26 Singapore: Health-Promoting Schools: The CHERISH Award 351
Contextual Introduction 351
Overview of the School Health Program: CHERISH Award 352
Participation in the CHERISH Award 353
Specific Aspects of Implementation Health-Related Policies in Schools 354
Curriculum 354
Exercise and Physical Fitness 354
The School Tuckshop 355
The Model School Tuckshop 355
Other Policies 356
Policies of CHERISH Schools 357
Specific Aspects of Implementation 357
Capacity Building 357
School Health Promotion Grants 358
Engaging Parents and the Community 359
Pre- and Post- evaluation 360
Best Practices Among Health-Promoting Schools in Singapore 361
Challenges in Implementing Health-Promoting Schools 362
Insights and Lessons Learned Recommendations 364
Future Directions 365
Conclusion 366
Chapter 27 Viet Nam 367
Contextual Introduction 367
Health Situation 368
Schools 368
Impetus and Origin of the School Health Program 369
Overview of the School Health Program 370
Guidelines and Training 370
Small Grants 373
Impact 373
Specific Aspects of Implementation 374
Conclusions and Recommendations 375
References 378
Chapter 28 Australia: The New South Wales School-Link Initiative 379
Contextual Introduction 379
Overview of the School Health Program 380
Specific Aspects of Implementation Stage of Readiness 383
Vision and Concepts 383
Dedicated Time and Resources 384
Team Training and Ongoing Coaching/Learning Community 385
Conclusions and Insights 385
References 387
Chapter 29 Cook Islands: The ‘‘Strengthening Project’’ 388
Contextual Introduction 388
Overview of the School Health Program 388
Specific Aspects of Implementation Curriculum Adapted to the Local Situation 389
Collaboration Between Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health 391
The ‘‘Newstart’’ Program 392
Teacher Resources and Professional Development 392
Adaptation and Awareness Raising 393
Conclusions and Insights 394
Index 395
A 395
B 395
C 396
D 397
E 397
F 397
G 398
H 398
I 399
J 399
K 399
L 400
M 400
N 400
O 401
P 401
Q 402
R 402
S 402
T 403
U 403
V 404
W 404
Z 404