Fiber Optic Essentials (eBook)

front cover 1
copyright 5
table of contents 6
front matter 10
Preface 10
1 Fiber, Cables, and Connectors 14
1.1 Optical Fiber Principles 17
1.2 Basic Terminology 26
1.3 Single-Mode Fiber 29
1.4 Multimode Fiber 32
1.5 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) 33
1.6 Plastic Optical Fiber 34
1.7 Cables 36
Chapter 1 References 39
2 Transmitters 42
2.1 Basic Transmitter Specification Terminology 43
2.1.1 LASER SAFETY 45
2.2 Light Emitting Diodes 47
2.3 Lasers 52
2.3.1 DOUBLE HETEROSTRUCTURE LASER DIODES 56
2.3.2 QUANTUM WELL (QW) AND STRAINED LAYER (SL) QUANTUM WELL LASERS 57
2.3.3 DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTOR (DBR) AND DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK (DFB) LASERS 58
2.3.4 VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS 60
2.4 Modulators 61
2.4.1 LITHIUM NIOBATE MODULATORS 63
2.4.2 ELECTROABSORPTION MODULATORS 64
2.4.3 ELECTRO OPTIC AND ELECTROREFRACTIVE SEMICONDUCTOR MODULATORS 65
Chapter 2 References 66
3 Detectors and Receivers 68
3.1 Basic Detector Specification Terminology 69
3.2 PN Photodiode 75
3.3 PIN Photodiode 78
3.4 Other Detectors 86
3.4.1 AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE 87
3.4.2 PHOTODIODE ARRAY 89
3.4.3 SCHOTTKY-BARRIER PHOTODIODES 91
3.4.4 METAL-SEMICONDUCTOR-METAL (MSM) DETECTORS 92
3.4.5 RESONANT-CAVITY ENHANCED PHOTODETECTORS (RECAP) 95
3.4.6 INTERFEROMETRIC SENSORS 96
3.5 Noise 98
3.5.1 SHOT NOISE 101
3.5.2 THERMAL NOISE 101
3.5.3 OTHER NOISE SOURCES 102
3.5.4 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 103
Chapter 3 References 104
4 Fiber Optic Link Design 106
4.1 Figures of Merit 106
4.2 Link Budget Analysis 111
4.2.1 INSTALLATION LOSS 111
4.2.2 TRANSMISSION LOSS 112
4.2.3 ATTENUATION VS. WAVELENGTH 112
4.2.4 CONNECTOR AND SPLICE LOSS 112
4.3 Optical Power Penalties 113
4.3.1 DISPERSION 113
4.3.2 MODE PARTITION NOISE 116
4.3.3 RELATIVE INTENSITY NOISE 117
4.3.4 JITTER 118
4.3.5 MODAL NOISE 119
4.3.6 RADIATION INDUCED LOSS 120
Chapter 4 References 121
5 Repeaters and Optical Amplifiers 124
5.1 Repeaters 127
5.2 Optical Amplifiers 128
5.2.1 RARE EARTH DOPED OPTICAL FIBER AMPLIFIERS 128
5.2.2 SEMICONDUCTOR AMPLIFIERS 132
5.2.3 NONLINEAR EFFECTS AND OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS FOR WDM 133
Chapter 5 References 137
6 Wavelength Multiplexing 138
6.1 WDM Design Considerations 143
6.2 Network Topologies 148
6.3 Latency 151
6.4 Protection and Restoration 156
6.5 Network Management 158
Chapter 6 References 159
Chapter 6 Further Reading 160
7 Fiber Optic Communication Standards 162
7.1 Why Do We Need Standards? 162
7.2 ESCON/SBCON 167
7.3 Fiber Distributed Data Interface 168
7.4 Fibre Channel Standard 170
7.5 ATM/SONET 171
7.6 Gigabit Ethernet 173
7.7 InfiniBand 175
Chapter 7 References 176
8 Fabrication and Measurement 178
8.1 Fabrication Techniques 178
8.1.1 FIBER DRAWING: LIQUID PHASE METHODS 179
8.1.2 FIBER DRAWING: CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 180
8.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings 183
8.3 Semiconductor Device Fabrication 184
8.4 Measurement Equipment 187
8.4.1 FIBER OPTIC POWER METER 187
8.4.2 OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER 188
8.4.3 BIT ERROR RATE TEST (BERT) 189
8.4.4 DIGITAL SAMPLING OSCILLOSCOPE 190
Chapter 8 References 192
9 Medical Applications 194
9.1 Endoscopes 195
9.1.1 RIGID ENDOSCOPES 198
9.1.2 THE CLINICAL ENVIRONMENT 199
9.2 Laser Fibers 199
9.2.1 APPLICATIONS 201
9.3 Illumination 203
9.4 Biosensors 204
Chapter 9 References 206
10 Fiber Facts 208
10.1 Basic Information 208
10.1.1 MOORE’S “LAW” AND OPTICAL DATA COMMUNICATION 209
10.1.2 INTERNET TRAFFIC 210
10.1.3 CAPACITY VS. COST 210
10.2 Disaster Recovery Facts 211
10.3 Fiber for Lighting and Illumination 213
10.4 Unusual Applications and Future Developments 216
Chapter 10 Further Reading 217
Chapter 10 References 217
11 Fiber Optic Timeline 220
11.1 Basic Knowledge Timeline 221
11.2 Timeline for Selected Optical Data Communications Milestones 224
11.3 Timeline for Fiber Optic Milestones in Medical Applications 226
Chapter 11 References 229
Appendix A: Glossary 232
Some Useful Dictionaries on the World Wide Web 253
Appendix B: Acronyms and Initials 254
Some useful acronym searches on the World Wide Web 272
Appendic C: Measurement Conversion Tables 274
index 276