The Acquisition of German (eBook)

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Anne Vainikka,Johns Hopkins University, USA; Martha Young-Scholten, University of Newcastle, UK

Chapter 1. Introduction 13
1.0. Setting the context of the book 13
1.1. Introduction to German and its verbs 17
1.2. Organic Grammar 21
1.3. The rest of this book 28
1.4. A reading guide 29
Extensions 29
Chapter 2. The Organic Syntax of Adult German 32
2.0. Introduction 32
2.1. Overview of syntax and inflectional morphology 33
2.2. The classic German tree 42
2.3. Problems with the classic analysis of German 48
2.3.1. Problem 1 (syntactic) 48
2.3.2. Problem 2 (syntactic) 49
2.3.3. Problem 3 (acquisition) 50
2.3.4. Problem 4 (acquisition) 51
2.4. English functional projections in Organic Grammar 52
2.5. The Master Tree in end-state adult German 58
2.6. Comparing the German and English Master Trees 67
2.7. Summary 68
Extensions 68
1. Koopman’s argument 68
2. Kayne’s (1994) and Zwart’s (1994) proposals 69
3. Are the specifier positions in German A- or A’-positions? 70
4. Post-Minimalist syntactic approaches that are not suitable for acquisition data 71
Chapter 3. Organic Grammar and L1 acquisition 75
3.0. Introduction 75
3.1. Strong and weak continuity in acquisition 78
3.2. Root defaults in L1 acquisition 81
3.3. Beyond Root Defaults in L1 acquisition 88
3.4. Stages of development in L1 German 95
3.4.1. Is the earliest syntactic stage a VP-stage or an FP-Stage? 99
3.4.2. The development of NegP 101
3.4.3. The development of TP (previously FP) 104
3.4.4. The development of AgrP 107
3.4.5. The development of the CP 111
3.5. Summary 112
Extensions 113
1. The post-80s syntactic theories and acquisition 113
2. On Root Default terminology (and a note on rich inflection) 114
3. Some more negation examples from adult German (and a slight problem) 115
4. An idea about parameter setting and functional projections 116
5. Access to UG in L2A and the Critical Period 117
Chapter 4. Second language acquisition at the VP level 120
4.0. Introduction 120
4.1. Current issues in the L2 acquisition of morphosyntax 120
4.2. Claims regarding the initial state in L2 127
4.3. L2 learners’ earliest syntax 129
4.3.1. VP transfer 129
4.3.2. Root Defaults (Infinitives) in L2 acquisition 132
4.4. The predicted stages of acquisition in L2 German 135
4.5. The VP-stage of L2 adult learners of German 139
4.5.1. The VP stage for head-final L1 speakers (Korean and Turkish) 140
4.5.2. The VP-stage for head-initial L1: Romance speakers 147
4.5.3. Head-initial VP L1: English speakers 156
4.6. Other views of L2 German and the VP-level data 166
4.7. Summary 170
Extensions 170
1. The earliest stages of Child L2 German 170
2. The Grammatical Mapping Paradigm 175
Chapter 5. Second language acquisition at the IP level 176
5.0. Introduction 176
5.1. The acquisition of functional projections in a second language 178
5.2. The development of the NegP projection 183
5.3. Verb raising, FP and TP 196
5.3.1. Background on the head-final languages, Korean and Turkish, and data collection 199
5.3.2. FP in the data of L1 Turkish/Korean speakers 204
5.3.3. Turkish/Korean Learners at a late FP-stage 208
5.3.4. FP in the data from speakers of the head-initial languages Spanish and Italian 209
5.3.5. FP or TP in the L1 English speakers’ data 217
5.4. The AgrP projection 223
5.4.1. The Turkish and Korean learners’ AgrP projection 224
5.4.2. Agreement in the Romance speakers’ data 229
5.4.3. The English speakers’ AgrP projection 229
5.5. Is there evidence of L1 influence? 236
5.6. Summary 238
Extensions 239
1. Organic Grammar and Minimalism 239
2. Finiteness Linking 239
3. Early ‘is/ist’ in L2 Dutch and German 240
4. Modals and auxiliaries, and the AgrP 241
Chapter 6. Differences in triggering between children and adults 243
6.0. Introduction 243
6.1. Segmenting the stream of speech 244
6.2. Triggers and parameters 246
6.3. L2 acquisition of German by children 250
6.4. A triggering difference between children and adults 255
6.5. Triggering syntactic projections 260
6.5.1. Triggering NegP 261
6.5.2. Triggering FP and TP 261
6.5.3. AgrP 264
6.6. Why do L2 adults raise non-finite forms? 266
6.6.1. Processing and prosodic explanations 267
6.6.2. Missing Surface Inflection and raising of RDs 269
6.6.3. Our analysis of raised Root Defaults 272
6.7. Summary 273
Extensions 273
1. Early ‘ist’ in instructed children’s data 273
2. Early ‘ist’ in Paul’s data – a potential trigger? 274
Chapter 7. The second language acquisition of the CP projection 276
7.0. Introduction 276
7.1. The German CP and the headedness of AgrP 279
7.2. CP and speakers of head-final languages 283
7.3. The head-initial (Romance) learners 288
7.4. CP and potential evidence against Organic Grammar 291
7.4.1. Type 1 data 291
7.4.2. Type 2 data 291
7.4.3. Type 3 data 294
7.4.4. Type 4 data 298
7.5. CP in the VYSA data (L1 English) 300
7.5.1. Matrix WH-questions and the CP projection 300
7.5.2. Embedded clauses and the CP projection 310
7.5.3. Headedness of the CP and the AgrP 315
7.6. Summary 321
Extensions 321
1. IP vs. CP in Bhatt and Hancin-Bhatt’s (2002) data 321
2. More than one CP-level projection 323
Chapter 8. Naturalistic learners and unsolved problems in SLA 324
8.0. Introduction 324
8.1. The role of input 325
8.1.1. Input quantity 327
8.1.2. Input quality 328
8.2. Meta-linguistic awareness and meta-linguistic knowledge 331
8.3. Input and meta-linguistic awareness in the data of Joan, Paul and George 336
8.3.1. The VYSA learners’ exposure to German 337
8.3.2. Meta-linguistic awareness in the VYSA data 339
8.3.3. Case, gender, and meta-linguistic awareness 349
8.4. George’s meta-linguistic baggage 352
8.5. Grammar Lite 356
8.6. Inflectional morphology in adult L2 acquisition 358
8.7. Conclusion 360
References 362
Index 416