Communication Challenges and Solutions in the Smart Grid (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Chapter-1 10
Overview of the Smart Grid 10
1.1 Smart Grid Drivers 11
1.1.1 Aging Infrastructure 12
1.1.2 Environmental Impact 12
1.1.3 Security of Energy Supply and Increase in Energy Needs 13
1.1.4 Electricity Cost 13
1.2 Smart Grid Technologies 14
1.2.1 Renewable Energy Generation 14
1.2.2 Demand Response 15
1.2.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 15
1.2.4 Home Energy Management 16
1.2.5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle 16
1.3 Smart Grid Benefits 16
1.3.1 Technical Benefits 17
1.3.2 Economic Benefits 17
1.3.3 Environmental Benefits 17
1.4 ICT in the Smart Grid 18
1.4.1 Digital Communications 18
1.4.2 Wireless Sensing 18
1.4.3 Distributed Systems 19
1.5 Summary 19
References 20
Chapter-2 22
Communication for Control in Heterogeneous Power Supply 22
2.1 Control in Traditional Power Networks 23
2.2 Distributed Generation and Active Control 25
2.3 Communications Challenges in Active Control 28
2.3.1 Inter-Controller Coordination Traffic 29
2.3.2 Field-Device Control Traffic 30
2.4 Conclusion and Open Issues 31
References 31
Chapter-3 33
The Smart Grid in the Last Mile 33
3.1 Metering of Electricity 34
3.1.1 Traditional Metering 34
3.1.2 Smart Metering 35
3.1.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 36
3.2 Demand Response System 37
3.3 Communication Architecture for AMI 38
3.3.1 Neighborhood Area Network 39
3.3.2 AMI Wide Area Network 39
3.4 Communication Requirements and Solutions 40
3.4.1 Communication Requirements 40
3.4.2 Communication Technologies and Implementations 40
3.5 Conclusion and Open Issues 41
References 42
Chapter-4 44
Communication Solutions for Backhaul and Wide Area Networks 44
4.1 Wired Communications Media 45
4.1.1 Telephone Line 45
4.1.2 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 45
4.1.3 Fiber Optics 46
4.1.4 Power Line Carrier 46
4.1.5 Discussion 48
4.2 Satellite Communication 49
4.2.1 Geostationary Orbit Satellite 49
4.2.2 Low Earth Orbiting Satellite Communication 50
4.2.3 Discussion 50
4.3 Radio Communication 51
4.3.1 Microwave Radio 51
4.3.2 Ultra High Frequency Radio 52
4.3.3 Discussion 52
4.4 Mobile Radio 52
4.4.1 Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) 53
4.4.2 General Packet Radio Service 54
4.4.3 Third and Fourth Generation of Mobile Phone Technology 54
4.4.4 Private Mobile Radio (PMR) 54
4.4.5 Discussion 56
4.5 Conclusion and Open Issues 56
References 58
Chapter-5 59
Home Energy Management Systems 59
5.1 Energy Usage in Homes and Buildings 60
5.1.1 Heating and Cooling 60
5.1.2 Lighting System 61
5.1.3 Daily Appliances 61
5.2 Smart Home and Home Energy Management 62
5.2.1 Existing Energy Management Solutions 62
5.2.2 Home Energy Management Operations and Components 63
5.2.3 Smart Appliances 64
5.2.4 Environment Sensors and Actuators 65
5.2.5 Home Energy Controller 67
5.3 Communication for Home Energy Management 68
5.3.1 Communication Architectures for Home Energy Management 68
5.3.2 Communication Requirements 69
5.3.3 Communication Technologies and Solutions 70
5.4 Conclusion and Open Issues 71
References 72
Chapter-6 74
Communication Technologies for Smart Energy Management Systems 74
6.1 Power Line Communication (PLC) 74
6.1.1 X10 75
6.1.2 Ineston 75
6.1.3 Lonworks 76
6.1.4 Universal Power Line Bus 76
6.1.5 Homeplug 76
6.1.6 KNX 77
6.2 Ethernet 77
6.3 Wireless Communication 78
6.3.1 Wi-Fi 78
6.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee 79
6.3.3 Radio Frequency for Consumer Electronics 80
6.3.4 Bluetooth 81
6.3.5 Visible Light Communication 82
6.4 IP Protocol 83
6.5 Conclusion and Open Issues 84
References 85
Chapter-7 87
Towards a Unified Smart Grid ICT Infrastructure 87
7.1 Architectural Design and Data Aggregation 87
7.1.1 Smart Grid Data Aggregation 88
7.1.2 Interface to the Grid Control System 89
7.2 Provision of Computing Power 90
7.2.1 Use of Cloud Computing for Data Management 90
7.2.2 Role of Cloud Computing in the Smart Grid 92
7.3 Building the End to End Smart Grid 94
7.3.1 Power Station to Smart Meter 94
7.3.2 Smart Meter to Grid Operator 95
7.4 Conclusion and Open Issues 97
7.4.1 A Simple, Scalable and Efficient System 97
7.4.2 Secure, Robust and Reliable Communication 98
7.4.3 Smart Grid Deployment Pathways 98
References 99