Advances in Energy Research, Vol. 1 (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 15
1 Study of Soiling Effect on Inclined Photovoltaic Surfaces 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Description of Experimental Setup 17
1.3 Results and Discussions 19
1.3.1 Impact of Soiling on Hemispherical Transmittance 19
1.3.2 Impact of Soiling on Short-Circuit Current 21
1.4 Conclusion 22
References 23
2 Efficiency Enhancement of Betanin Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Plasmon-Enhanced Silver Nanoparticles 24
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Methods 26
2.2.1 FDTD Simulations 26
2.2.2 Fabrication of the Solar Cells 26
2.2.3 Characterization and Measurement 27
2.3 Results 27
2.3.1 Structure of the Solar Cell 27
2.3.2 FDTD Simulations: Extinction, Absorption and Scattering 28
2.3.3 FDTD Simulations: Electric Field Profiles of the AgNPs at ON and OFF Resonances 29
2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 30
2.3.5 Absorption Studies 30
2.3.6 Performance Characteristics 31
2.4 Conclusion 32
References 33
3 Improving the Short-Wavelength Spectral Response of Multi-crystalline Silicon Solar Cells by ZnS Downshifting Phosphor Nanoparticles 34
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Downshifting Material Synthesis and Characterizations 36
3.2.1 Material Synthesis 36
3.2.2 Spin Coating of ZnS NP on Multi-crystalline Silicon Solar Cell 36
3.2.3 Characterization Techniques 37
3.3 Results and Discussions 37
3.3.1 Characterization of ZnS Downshifting Phosphor Nanoparticles 37
3.3.2 Effects of ZnS Downshifting NP on Multi-crystalline Silicon Solar Cell 40
3.4 Conclusion 41
References 41
4 SiO2 Grating-Based Photonic Structures as Ideal Narrowband Emitter for Solar Thermophotovoltaics Application 44
4.1 Introduction 44
4.2 Simulations for Narrowband Emission 46
4.2.1 Variation in Thickness of Grating 46
4.2.2 Variation in Period of Grating 47
4.2.3 Comparison of Flat Layer with Grating Structure 47
4.2.4 Angular Dependency 48
4.2.5 Design of SiO2 Gratings for Other Solar Cells 48
4.3 Conclusion 49
References 50
5 Reduction of Escape Cone Losses in Luminescent Solar Concentrators Using High-Contrast Gratings 51
5.1 Introduction 51
5.2 Proposed HCG Integrated Luminescent Solar Concentrator Device 52
5.3 Design and Optimization of Grating Structure 53
5.3.1 FDTD Model and Optimization Methodology 54
5.4 Simulation Results of Finite-Difference Time-Domain Analysis 54
5.4.1 Efficiency of Traditional LSC 54
5.4.2 LSC Integrated with TiO2 Gratings 55
5.4.3 LSC Integrated with Si3N4 Gratings on a Thin Si3N4 Layer 55
5.4.4 LSC Integrated with TiO2 Gratings 56
5.5 Conclusions 57
References 57
6 Agri-Voltaic System for Crop Production and Electricity Generation from a Single Land Unit 58
6.1 Introduction 58
6.2 Study Area 59
6.3 Design of Agri-Voltaic System 60
6.3.1 PV Module Installation 60
6.3.2 Cropping Options 61
6.3.3 Water Harvesting System 62
6.4 Potential Benefits of Agri-Voltaic System 62
6.4.1 Availability of PAR Under Shade of PV Module 62
6.4.2 Potential PV Generation 63
6.4.3 Potential Crop Production 64
6.4.4 Potential Rainwater Harvesting 64
6.4.5 Economics of Agri-Voltaic System 68
6.5 Conclusion 68
References 69
7 Comparison of Different Photovoltaic Array Configurations Under Partial Shading Condition 70
7.1 Introduction 71
7.2 Modeling of a Photovoltaic Module 72
7.3 Modeling of Different Photovoltaic Array Configurations 73
7.4 Effect of Bypass Diodes on Behavior of PV Arrays Under Partial Shading Condition 73
7.5 Analysis of Performances of Different PV Array Configurations Under Partial Shading Condition 74
7.6 Effect of Varying Temperature on Different PV Array Configurations Under Partial Shading Condition 75
7.7 Conclusion 78
References 81
8 Effect of Thermal Stress over High-Efficiency Solar Photovoltaic Modules in real operating condition 82
8.1 Introduction 82
8.2 Experimental Setup and Methodology 84
8.2.1 Experimental Setup 84
8.2.2 Methodology 85
8.3 Results and Discussion 87
8.4 Conclusions 91
References 91
9 Enhancement of Visible Light Driven Photovoltaic Efficiency Upon Copper Incorporation to Silver Indium Sulfide Nanocrystals 93
9.1 Introduction 93
9.2 Experimental Section 94
9.2.1 Chemicals and Materials 94
9.2.2 Synthesis of AIS-Cu nanocrystals 94
9.2.3 Physical Measurements 95
9.2.4 Photoelectrochemical Experiments 95
9.3 Result and Discussion 95
9.3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of AIS-Cu NCs 95
9.3.2 Photovoltaic Application 97
9.4 Conclusion 99
References 100
10 Improved Analytical Model for Electrical Efficiency of Semitransparent Photovoltaic (PV) Module 101
10.1 Introduction 101
10.2 System Description and Principle 102
10.3 Mathematical Modelling 102
10.4 Energy Balance Equations 103
10.4.1 Method 1 103
10.4.2 Method 2 105
10.5 Results and Discussion 106
10.6 An Experimental Study Between Method 1 and Method 2 107
10.7 Conclusions 109
10.8 Units and Symbols 109
References 111
11 Dielectric-Coated Metal-Integrated Lightweight Solar Panel 112
11.1 Introduction 112
11.2 The Innovation 114
11.2.1 Benefits 114
11.2.2 Advantages of Metal Backsheet Solar Panel 117
11.2.3 Details on Innovation 117
11.3 Experimental Data 119
11.3.1 Adhesion Test Data 119
11.3.2 Insulation Test 121
11.3.3 Mounting Solution 123
11.3.4 Solar-Integrated Motor Vehicle 124
11.4 Conclusion 125
References 125
12 Study on Spray-Deposited Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Films: Deposition and Physical Properties 126
12.1 Introduction 126
12.2 Experimental Section 127
12.2.1 Film Deposition and Characterization Technique 127
12.3 Results and Discussions 128
12.3.1 Structural Characterization 128
12.3.2 Morphological and Compositional Study 129
12.3.3 Optical Properties 133
12.4 Conclusion 133
References 134
13 Cogeneration of Power and Desalination Using Concentrated Photovoltaic/Thermal Humidification and Dehumidification System 136
13.1 Introduction 137
13.2 Modeling and Analysis of CPV/T-HDH Plant 137
13.2.1 Assumptions 138
13.3 Results and Discussions 141
13.4 Conclusions 147
References 147
14 Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analysis of Air-Based Photovoltaic Thermal System 149
14.1 Introduction 149
14.2 System Description 152
14.2.1 Experimental Setup 152
14.2.2 Geometrical Modeling and Meshing 152
14.3 CFD Analysis 153
14.3.1 Governing Equations 154
14.3.2 Boundary Conditions 155
14.3.3 Numerical Analysis Setup 156
14.4 Results 156
14.5 Conclusions 158
References 159
15 Synthesis of One-Dimensional Bismuth Sulfide Nanoparticle with Enhanced Photovoltaic Properties 161
15.1 Introduction 161
15.2 Experimental 162
15.2.1 Chemicals and Materials 162
15.2.2 Synthesis 162
15.2.3 Preparation of Bi2S3 NPs 162
15.2.4 Physical Measurements 163
15.2.5 Photoelectrochemical Measurements 163
15.3 Results and Discussion 163
15.3.1 Characterization of Bi2S3 NPs 163
15.3.2 Optical Properties 164
15.3.3 Impedance Spectroscopy 165
15.4 Conclusion 166
References 167
16 Effect of Forced Convection Cooling on Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Module in Rooftop Applications 168
16.1 Introduction 168
16.2 Experimental Setup 170
16.3 Methodology 171
16.4 Results and Discussion 173
16.4.1 Case 1: Air Channel Made of Conducting Material 173
16.4.2 Case 2: Air Channel Made of Non-conducting Material 175
16.4.3 Comparison 177
16.5 Conclusion 178
References 180
17 Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Si Richness in SiC-Based Thin Films for Optoelectronic Applications 182
17.1 Introduction 183
17.2 Materials and Methods 183
17.3 Results and Discussions 184
17.3.1 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry 184
17.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 185
17.3.3 Raman Spectroscopy 186
17.3.4 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 187
17.4 Conclusions 187
References 189
18 Optimization of TiO2 for Low-Temperature Dopant-Free Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 191
18.1 Introduction 191
18.2 Experimental Details 192
18.3 Results 193
18.4 Discussions 194
18.5 Solar Cell 195
18.6 Conclusions 196
References 197
19 Copper Oxide Phase Change During Pulsed Laser Deposition of SrTiO3 198
19.1 Introduction 198
19.2 Experimental Section 199
19.3 Results and Discussion 200
19.4 Summary 203
References 203
20 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance and Heat Storage of a Packed Bed Solar Energy Storage System Having Large-Sized Perforated Cylinders 205
20.1 Introduction 205
20.2 Objective of the Study 206
20.3 Experimental Setup 207
20.3.1 Instrumentation 208
20.3.2 Methodology 208
20.3.3 Uncertainty Analysis 208
20.4 Results and Discussion 209
20.4.1 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance 209
20.4.2 Thermal Energy Stored 210
20.5 Units and Symbols 212
References 212
21 Spatial Distribution of Oxygen-Vacancy Pairs and Oxygen Movement in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia 214
21.1 Introduction 214
21.2 Methods 216
21.3 Results and Discussion 218
21.4 Conclusion 221
References 222
22 Approximate Analytical Model for Solidification Process in a Rectangular Phase-Change Material Storage with Internal Fins 224
22.1 Introduction 225
22.2 The Physical Problem 226
22.3 Mathematical Formulation 228
22.4 Results and Discussion 231
22.5 Conclusion 234
References 234
23 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Characteristics of Electrodeposited Cuprous Oxide with Protective Over Layers 235
23.1 Introduction 235
23.2 Experiment 236
23.3 Results and discussion 237
23.4 Conclusion 239
References 240
24 Effect of Solvent on Segregation Behavior in Pt-Ni Bimetallic Alloy 242
24.1 Introduction 242
24.2 Computational Procedure 244
24.3 Results and Discussions 245
24.4 Conclusion 248
References 249
25 Alkali Metal Ion Decorated Crown Ethers as an Enhancing Agent for Hydrogen Storage in the Metal–Organic Framework (MOF): Density Functional Theoretical Investigation 251
25.1 Introduction 252
25.2 Computational Protocol 253
25.3 Results and Discussion 254
25.3.1 Binding Energy 255
25.3.2 Li+–DB18C6 Incorporated MOF 258
25.4 Conclusions 261
References 262
26 Investigating Factors Affecting Mixing Patterns in Ternary Metal Alloy Nanoparticles 263
26.1 Introduction 263
26.2 Computational Details 264
26.2.1 Interatomic Potential 264
26.2.2 Monte Carlo Simulations 265
26.3 Results and Discussion 266
26.4 Conclusions 270
References 270
27 Estimation of Enthalpy of Formation of Metal Hydrides: Effect of Different Measurement Parameters 272
27.1 Introduction 272
27.2 Experimental Studies 273
27.3 Results and Discussion 274
27.4 Conclusions 276
References 277
28 Electrochemical Synthesis of Interconnected Nanofiber Network of Polyaniline Electrode and Its Supercapacitive Properties 278
28.1 Introduction 278
28.2 Experimental 279
28.3 Results and Discussion 279
28.3.1 XRD 280
28.3.2 FE-SEM 280
28.3.3 Cyclic Voltammetry 280
28.3.4 Effect Scan Rate 282
28.3.5 Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge Studies 283
28.3.6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 283
28.4 Conclusion 284
References 285
29 Reduced Order Model of Encapsulated PCMs-Based Thermal Energy Storage 286
29.1 Introduction 286
29.2 Numerical Modeling 288
29.2.1 Latent Heat Storage with Encapsulated PCMs 288
29.2.2 Reduced Order Model 289
29.3 Results and Discussion 291
29.3.1 Validation of PCM-Filled Encapsulation Thermal Storage Model 291
29.3.2 Effect of Porosity 292
29.3.3 Effect of Encapsulation Inner Diameter 292
29.3.4 Effect of Encapsulation Shell Thickness 293
29.3.5 Effect of HTF Mass Flow Rate 294
29.4 Conclusions 294
References 296
30 Synthesis of Catalytically Active Pb from PbS for Electroreduction of CO2 to Formate in Alkaline Medium 297
30.1 Introduction 297
30.2 Experimental 298
30.2.1 Chemicals 298
30.2.2 Physical Characterization 299
30.2.3 Catalyst Preparation 299
30.2.4 Electrochemical Characterization 299
30.3 Results and Discussions 300
30.3.1 Material Characterization 300
30.3.2 Electrochemical Characterization 304
30.3.3 Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 304
30.4 Conclusion 305
References 306
31 Behavior of Nano-enhanced Phase Change Material in a Spherical Thermal Battery During Unrestricted Melting 308
31.1 Introduction 308
31.2 Mathematical Formulation 310
31.2.1 Governing Equations 310
31.3 Numerical Procedure and Validation 313
31.4 Results and Discussion 314
31.5 Conclusions 316
References 317
32 An Experimental Study of a LTES with Compact Heat Exchanger Model 319
32.1 Introduction 319
32.2 Materials and Methods 321
32.2.1 Experimental Setup 322
32.3 Results and Discussion 323
32.4 Conclusions 326
References 327
33 Modeling of Thermochemical Kinetics in Salt Hydrates for Thermal Energy Storage 328
33.1 Introduction 329
33.2 Mathematical Formulation and Modeling 330
33.2.1 Chemical Kinetics and Stoichiometry 331
33.2.2 Mass Balance 332
33.2.3 Energy Balance 332
33.3 Numerical Implementation 333
33.4 Results and Discussion 334
33.5 Conclusions 339
References 339
34 Copper Oxide Synthesis on Cu Foam by Chemical Bath Deposition with Surfactant for Supercapacitor 341
34.1 Introduction 341
34.2 Experimental 345
34.2.1 CuO Synthesis 345
34.2.2 Characterization 345
34.3 Result and Discussion 346
34.3.1 Film Formation and Reaction Mechanism 346
34.3.2 Structural Studies 346
34.3.3 Morphology Study 347
34.3.4 FTIR Study 349
34.3.5 Electrochemical Study 349
34.4 Conclusions 350
References 351
35 Numerical Analysis of Composite Phase Change Material in a Square Enclosure 354
35.1 Introduction 354
35.2 Physical Model 355
35.3 Computational Methodology 356
35.3.1 Numerical Study of Composite Phase Change Materials 357
35.3.2 Defining the Thermophysical Properties 357
35.3.3 Numerical Model Validation 359
35.4 Results and Discussion 359
35.4.1 Streamlines 359
35.4.2 Melting of the Composite Phase Change Material 360
35.4.3 Temperature Distribution 361
35.4.4 Effect of Nanoparticles on Thermophysical Properties 362
35.5 Conclusion 364
References 365
36 High-Potential Cathode for Sodium-Ion Battery 366
36.1 Introduction 366
36.2 Experimental Section 367
36.2.1 Synthesis of the G-Na3V2(PO4)3 (Graphene/Na3V2(PO4)3) 367
36.2.2 Material Characterizations 368
36.2.3 Electrochemical Characterization 368
36.3 Result and Discussion 368
36.4 Conclusions 370
References 371
37 Investigation of NiO/CNF Coating on Glass Fiber Separator as Polysulfide Migration Inhibitors for High-Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 373
37.1 Introduction 373
37.2 Experimental Section 375
37.2.1 Synthesis of Sucrose-Derived Carbon Sphere Using Hydrothermal Apparatus 375
37.2.2 Synthesis of NiO Nanoparticles Using Carbon Sphere as the Template 375
37.2.3 Synthesis of NiO/CNF Coating Using CMC as Binder 375
37.2.4 Material Characterization 376
37.2.5 Electrochemical Characterization 376
37.3 Result and Discussion 376
37.3.1 Structural Analysis 376
37.3.2 Electrochemical Characterization 377
37.4 Conclusions 379
References 379
38 Performance Analysis of High Temperature Sensible Heat Solar Energy Storage System 381
38.1 Introduction 381
38.2 Methodology 382
38.2.1 Analysis of the System 382
38.2.2 System Parameters 384
38.3 Results and Discussions 385
38.4 Conclusions 388
References 389
39 Influence of Geometric Configuration on Charging Characteristics of MmNi4.6Fe0.4 Based Hydrogen Storage Device 391
39.1 Introduction 391
39.2 Mathematical Modelling 392
39.2.1 Problem Formulation 393
39.2.2 Initial Conditions 395
39.2.3 Boundary Conditions 395
39.3 Results and Discussion 396
39.3.1 Validation of Numerical Model 396
39.3.2 Grid Independency Test 397
39.3.3 Performance Prediction 397
39.4 Conclusions 403
References 403
40 Experimental Investigation on Micro-Scale Organic Rankine Cycle Using Scroll Compressor Converted Expander 405
40.1 Introduction 405
40.2 Organic Rankine Cycle Test Rig Using Compressor Modified as Expander 407
40.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 409
40.4 Conclusions 412
References 412
41 Some Investigations of External Shading Devices on Thermal and Daylighting Performance of a Building 414
41.1 Introduction 414
41.2 Methodology 415
41.2.1 Location and Climate Data 416
41.2.2 The Base Case Model 416
41.2.3 Thermal Modelling Tool 417
41.3 Result and Discussion 418
41.3.1 Solar Gain 418
41.3.2 Effect on Cooling Load and Artificial Lighting Load 419
41.4 Conclusions 420
References 421
42 Computational Assessment of the Performance of an Air-Cooled Condenser Fan at Different Blade Pitch Angles and Speeds 422
42.1 Introduction 423
42.2 Computational Modeling 424
42.2.1 Computational Domain and Boundary Conditions 424
42.2.2 Domain Discretization and Numerical Method 424
42.3 Results and Discussion 426
42.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 429
References 430
43 Model for Assessment of Economics of Nuclear Power 431
43.1 Introduction 431
43.2 Contributors to the Economics of Nuclear Energy 432
43.3 Methodology for Assessment of Economic Competitiveness 433
43.4 Accounting for Tax 436
43.5 Fuel Cycle Cost 437
43.6 Application of Methodology 438
43.7 Results and Discussions 440
43.8 Conclusions 442
References 442
44 Biomass Gasifier-Powered Adsorption Chiller for Atmospheric Water Harvesting: Prospects in Developing World 443
44.1 Introduction 443
44.2 Pathways to Producer Gas-Based AWH 445
44.3 Thermodynamic Modeling of AWH System 446
44.4 Results and Discussion 448
44.5 Conclusion 450
References 450
45 Tuning the Solar Power Generation Curve by Optimal Design of Solar Tree Orientations 453
45.1 Introduction 453
45.2 Design Methodology 455
45.2.1 Description of Solar Insolation Database 455
45.2.2 Irradiation on a Tilted Surface 455
45.2.3 Optimization of Orientation of Panels 457
45.3 Results and Discussion 458
45.4 Conclusion 460
References 461
46 Development of Framework to Estimate Crop-wise, Region-wise Electricity Usage for Irrigation 462
46.1 Introduction 462
46.2 Methodology 464
46.3 Findings 465
46.3.1 Nashik (Old Dawachwadi Feeder in Niphad Taluka) 465
46.3.2 Nanded (Trikut Feeder, Rural Nanded) 468
46.3.3 Kolhapur (Lift Irrigation Schemes) 470
46.4 Findings and Conclusion 470
References 471
47 Parametric Study of Ammonia-Activated Carbon Two-Bed Adsorption Refrigeration System 472
47.1 Introduction 472
47.2 Working Principle 473
47.3 Thermodynamic Modelling 475
47.3.1 Adsorption Equilibrium 475
47.3.2 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 476
47.3.3 Heat Analysis of the Cycle 476
47.3.4 Performance Parameters 479
47.4 Results and Discussion 480
47.4.1 Effect of Minimum Adsorption and Maximum Desorption Temperature on COP and SCE of the Cycle 480
47.4.2 Effect of Condenser and Evaporator Pressure on COP 480
47.5 Conclusions 482
References 484
48 Solar PV for Irrigation in India: Developing a Framework for Determining Appropriate Pump Characteristics for a Region 486
48.1 Introduction 486
48.2 Methodology 487
48.3 Findings 489
48.3.1 Farmer Profile 489
48.3.2 SPV Requirements for Akola 490
48.3.3 Primary Surveys and Ratification of Framework 491
48.3.4 Net Metering 491
48.3.5 Maharashtra Scheme 492
48.4 Discussion and Conclusion 493
References 494
49 How Do Supply-Side Constraints Affect the Rural Residential Feeder Parameters? 495
49.1 Introduction 496
49.2 Data and Method 497
49.3 Insights from Feeder Analysis 498
49.3.1 Trends in Electricity Consumption 499
49.3.2 Effect on Feeder Parameters 502
49.3.3 Reliability Index 504
49.4 Discussion and Conclusion 505
49.5 Policy Recommendations 506
References 507
50 Building Energy Performance with Site-Based Airflow Characteristics in Naturally Ventilated Conditions in Low-Income Tenement Housing of Mumbai 509
50.1 Introduction 509
50.2 Methodology 511
50.2.1 Study Area 511
50.2.2 Modelling and Simulations 511
50.2.3 Parametrisation of the Form 513
50.2.4 Validation and Calibration 514
50.3 Results 515
50.4 Discussion and Conclusion 516
References 518
51 User Experience and Perception in First-Generation Green-Rated Office Buildings in India 520
51.1 Introduction 520
51.2 Methodology 521
51.3 Results 522
51.3.1 User Experience 522
51.3.2 User Perception 527
51.4 Discussion and Conclusion 529
References 529
52 Electricity Planning for Bangladesh Under Various Scenarios 531
52.1 Introduction 531
52.1.1 Objectives, Methodology and Key Assumptions 532
52.2 Current Scenario 533
52.3 Power Sector Master Plan (PSMP) 2016 534
52.4 Projected Demand and Alternative Scenarios 536
52.5 Economic Analysis 537
52.6 Greenhouse Gas Emission 537
52.7 Conclusion 539
References 540
53 Gap-Filling Techniques for Solar Radiation Data and Their Role in Solar Resource Assessment 542
53.1 Introduction 542
53.2 Site Description and Data Quality 544
53.3 Cloud Classification 545
53.4 Types of Gaps in Solar Radiation Data sets 546
53.5 Gap-Filling Approaches 547
53.5.1 Gap Filling Using Meteorological Parameters (CLIM) 547
53.5.2 Gap Filling Using RMIB Database (RMIB) 547
53.5.3 Gap Filling Using CWET-GIZ Approach (CWET) 548
53.5.4 Gap Filling Using Curve Fitting (CURVE) 548
53.6 Result and Discussion 548
53.7 Conclusions 550
References 550
54 A Model for Assessment of Economics of Renewable Hybrid Energy System 552
54.1 Introduction 552
54.2 System Modeling 553
54.3 Solution Procedure 555
54.4 Conclusions 558
References 561
55 Issues Pertaining to Energy Conservation in Railway Workshops 563
55.1 Introduction 564
55.1.1 Indian Railways and Energy Scenario: An Outline 564
55.2 Methodology 565
55.2.1 Extraction of Factors 566
55.2.2 Variables: Barriers to EC 566
55.3 Drivers of Energy Conservation 569
55.4 Results and Discussions 572
55.5 Conclusions 573
References 574
56 Grid Management: Demand Forecasting in the Context of Increasing Renewables in the Grid 575
56.1 Introduction 575
56.2 Literature Review 576
56.3 Methodology and Analysis 577
56.3.1 Data 577
56.3.2 Present Scenario 578
56.3.3 Model 578
56.3.4 Analysis 579
56.3.5 Results 581
56.4 Conclusion 583
References 584
57 A Simple Flowmeter for Fluids at High Temperature 585
57.1 Introduction 585
57.2 Flow Measuring Device (FMD) 586
57.2.1 Experimental Setup and Procedure for FMD Calibration 587
57.3 Results and Discussion 589
57.3.1 Calibration and Error Estimation 589
57.3.2 FMD Flow Rate Correlation with High-Temperature Molten Salt Pump in Molten Salt Setup 591
57.4 Conclusion 591
References 593
58 Analysis of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Potential Through the Energy Efficient Building Design of a Residential Building in a Warm Humid Climate 594
58.1 Introduction 595
58.2 Literature Review 596
58.2.1 Energy Efficient Measures 596
58.2.2 Occupant Behaviour 597
58.3 Research Method 597
58.3.1 Model Input Parameters 597
58.3.2 Modelling Methodology 597
58.3.3 Study Area and Base-Case Scenario 598
58.3.4 Input Parameters Assumptions 599
58.4 Results and Discussion 600
58.4.1 ECBC Compliant Building Envelope Design 600
58.4.2 Orientation Change 601
58.4.3 Building Performance Analysis 601
58.4.4 Model Validation 603
58.5 Conclusion 603
References 604
59 Solar Water Heater: Efficient, Once-Through Heating Above 90 °C 606
59.1 Introduction 606
59.2 Solar Collector Description 608
59.3 Theoretical Analysis of Solar Collector 608
59.4 Experimental Setup 611
59.5 Result and Discussion 612
59.6 Conclusions 612
References 613
60 Improved Performance of Mehsana Cookstove Through Minimal Design Modifications 614
60.1 Introduction 614
60.2 Experimental Setup 615
60.3 Assumptions 616
60.4 Methodology 616
60.5 Experimental Observations 617
60.6 Results and Discussion 617
60.7 Conclusion 619
References 620
61 Techno-Economic Potential of Pre-combustion CO2 Capture in Bio-energy Pathways 621
61.1 Introduction 621
61.2 Methodology 622
61.3 Biomass Gasification-Based Hydrogen Production 623
61.3.1 Technical Description 623
61.3.2 Economic Analysis 624
61.3.3 CO2 Capture 624
61.4 Anaerobic Digestion-Based Biogas Production and Upgradation 626
61.5 Results and Discussion 628
61.6 Conclusion 629
References 630
62 Analysis of Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation During Natural Convection in a Cu–Water Nanofluid-Filled Porous Cavity for Different Thermal Boundary Conditions 632
62.1 Introduction 632
62.2 Problem Formulation 634
62.3 Method of Analysis and Post-processing 634
62.3.1 LBM Methodology 635
62.3.2 Determination of Properties of a Nanofluid 637
62.3.3 Entropy Generation and Heat Transfer Characteristics 637
62.4 Code Validation 638
62.5 Results and Discussion 639
62.5.1 Effect of Darcy and Rayleigh Numbers 639
62.5.2 Effect of Volume Fraction of Nanoparticles 642
62.6 Conclusions 642
References 644
63 Techno-Enviro-Economic Feasibility of CdTe and Micromorph-Based Thin-Film PV Systems 645
63.1 Introduction 645
63.2 Methodology 646
63.2.1 Simulation of 1 MWP CdTe- and Micromorph-Based PV System 647
63.2.2 Economic Analysis of PV System 648
63.2.3 Environmental Analysis of PV System 649
63.3 Results and Discussion 651
63.4 Conclusions 653
References 654
64 Study of Effects of Knurling on Heat Transfer of Rectangular Fins Through Forced Convection 656
64.1 Introduction 656
64.2 Knurling 657
64.2.1 Types of Knurling 657
64.2.2 Classification of Fins Based on the Shape of Knurl 659
64.3 Modelling and Numerical Simulation 660
64.3.1 Governing Equations 660
64.3.2 ANSYS Fluent Environment Setup 661
64.3.3 Procedure and Parameters 662
64.4 Results and Discussions 662
64.5 Conclusions 666
References 667
65 Intermediate Pyrolysis of Coconut Shells: Economics Related to Power Generation 668
65.1 Introduction 668
65.1.1 Pyrolysis 669
65.1.2 Coconut Shell 669
65.2 Methodology 670
65.3 Results and Discussions 671
65.3.1 Experimental Setup 671
65.3.2 Ratio of Products Obtained for One MT of Biomass 672
65.3.3 Economics Related to Biomass Power Generation 672
65.3.4 Power Production Calculations 673
65.3.5 Uses of the Products Obtained 673
65.4 Conclusions 674
References 675
66 Appliance Standards and Incremental Price of Efficiency 676
66.1 Introduction 676
66.1.1 Appliance Standards 677
66.1.2 Incremental Price of Efficiency 678
66.1.3 Objective of the Study 679
66.2 Methodology 679
66.3 Results 680
66.4 Discussion and Conclusions 682
References 684
67 Thermal Performance of Double-Pipe Concentric Heat Exchanger with Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanofluid 686
67.1 Introduction 686
67.2 Experimental Methodology 688
67.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles 688
67.2.2 Nanofluid Preparation and Characterization 689
67.2.3 Measurement of Thermo-physical Properties 689
67.2.4 Experimental Setup 690
67.2.5 Data Reduction 690
67.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 692
67.3.1 Effect of Nanofluids on Heat Transfer 692
67.4 Conclusion 693
References 694
68 Analyzing the Inequality Pathways of Domestic Electricity Consumption in India 695
68.1 Introduction 696
68.1.1 Energy and Development 696
68.1.2 Energy Poverty 696
68.1.3 Energy Inequality 697
68.2 Data and Method 697
68.3 Results and Discussion 699
68.3.1 Electricity Access Inequality 699
68.3.2 Inequality in Electricity Consumption 701
68.3.3 Spatio-Temporal Change in Inequality 704
68.4 Discussion and Conclusion 705
References 707
69 Experimental and Computational Evaluation of Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Rectangular Channel with Helix Grooved Profile Pin Fins 708
69.1 Introduction 709
69.2 Experimental Set-Up and Methodology 710
69.2.1 Pin Fin Geometry 712
69.2.2 Computational Analysis 713
69.3 Data Analysis 713
69.3.1 Calculation of Heat Transfer 713
69.3.2 Calculation of Hydraulic Diameter (Dh ) 714
69.3.3 Calculation of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients 714
69.3.4 Calculation of Nusselt Number 715
69.3.5 Calculation of Friction Coefficient 715
69.4 Results and Discussion 716
69.4.1 Heat Transfer Characteristics 716
69.4.2 Pressure Drop and Friction Characteristics 717
69.5 Conclusions 719
References 719
70 A Domestic Demand Model for India 721
70.1 Introduction to the Domestic Demand Model 721
70.1.1 The Role of Demand Models with High Temporal Resolution 721
70.1.2 Introduction to the Demand Model 722
70.2 Description of the Domestic Demand Model 723
70.2.1 Differences Between the Indian and UK Models 724
70.2.2 Similarities Between the Indian and UK Models 726
70.3 Results of the Indian Domestic Demand Model 729
70.4 Conclusions 730
References 731
Author Index 732