Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties

INTRODUCTION
The Formation of Petroleum Reservoirs
Typical Characteristics of Petroleum Reservoirs
The Significance of Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties

PREAMBLE TO PETROLEUM RESERVOIR ROCK PROPERTIES
Introduction
Coring Methods
Important Issues Related to Coring Methods
Types of Cores
Allocation of Core Data for Measurement of Reservoir Rock Properties
Handling of Reservoir Rock Core Samples
Types of Core Tests

POROSITY
Significance and Definition
Types of Porosities
Classification of Porosity
Parameters that Influence Porosity
Laboratory Measurement of Porosity
Non-Conventional Methods of Porosity Measurements
Averaging of Porosity
Examples of Typical Porosities

ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY
Significance and Definition
Mathematical Expression of Permeability - Darcy's Law
Dimensional Analysis of Permeability and Definition of a Darcy
Application of Darcy's Law to Inclined Flow and Radial Flow
Averaging of Permeabilities
Permeability of Fractures and Channels
Darcy's Law in Field Units
Laboratory Measurement of Absolute Permeability
Factors Affecting Absolute Permeability
Porosity and Permeability Relationships
Permeabilities of Different Types of Rocks

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF RESERVOIR ROCKS
Introduction
Mechanical Properties
Electrical Properties

FLUID SATURATIONS
Significance and Definition
Distribution of Fluid Saturations in a Petroleum Reservoir
Definition and Mathematical Expressions for Fluid Saturation
Reservoir Rock Samples Used for Fluid Saturation Determination
Laboratory Measurement of Fluid Saturation
Assessing the Validity of Fluid Saturation Data Measured on the Plug End Trim for the Core Plug Sample
Special Types of Fluid Saturations
Saturation Averaging
Factors Affecting Fluid Saturation Determination

INTERFACIAL TENSION AND WETTABILITY
Introduction and Fundamental Concepts
Interfacial and Surface Tension
Wettability
Fundamental Concepts of Wettability
A Discussion on Practical Aspects of Wettability
Measurement of Reservoir Rock Wettability
Factors Affecting Wettability
Relationship between Wettability, Irreducible Water Saturation, and Residual Oil Saturation

CAPILLARY PRESSURE
Introduction
Basic Mathematical Expression of Capillary Pressure
The Rise of Liquid in Capillaries
Dependence of Capillary Pressure on Rock and Fluid Properties
Capillary Pressure and Saturation History
Laboratory Measurement of Capillary Pressure
Characteristics of Capillary Pressure Curves
Converting Laboratory Capillary Pressure Data to Reservoir Conditions
Averaging Capillary Pressure - the 'J' Function
Calculation of Permeability from Capillary Pressure
Effect of Wettability on Capillary Pressure
Practical Application of Capillary Pressure

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
Fundamental Concepts of Relative Permeability
Mathematical Expressions for Relative Permeability
Salient Features of Gas-Oil and Water-Oil Relative Permeability Curves
Laboratory Measurement of Relative Permeability
Determination of Relative Permeability from Capillary Pressure Data
Factors Affecting Relative Permeability Measurements
Peculiarities of Relative Permeability Data
Assessing the Validity of Relative Permeability Data and Determination of Corey Exponents
Significance of Relative Permeability Data
Three-Phase Relative Permeability

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUIDS
Introduction
Chemistry of Petroleum
The Solid Components of Petroleum
Classification of Reservoir Gases and Oils
Five Reservoir Fluids
Formation Waters

INTRODUCTION TO PHASE BEHAVIOR
Introduction
Definition of Terms Used in Phase Behavior
Phase Behavior of a Pure Component
Phase Behavior of Two-Component or Binary Systems
Phase Behavior of Multicomponent Mixtures
Construction of Phase Envelopes

PHASE BEHAVIOR OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUIDS
Introduction
Preamble to the Phase Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
A brief Description of the Plus Fraction
Classification and Identification of Fluid Type
Black Oils
Volatile Oils
Gas Condensates
Wet Gases
Dry Gases
Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids in the Two-Phase Region

SAMPLING OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUIDS
Introduction
Practical Considerations of Fluid Sampling
Methods of Fluid Sampling
Evaluating the Respresentativity of Fluid Samples - Quality Checks
Factors Affecting Sample Representativity

COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUIDS
Introduction
Strategy of Compositional Analysis
Characteristics of Reservoir Fluid Composition
Gas Chromatography
True Boiling-Point Distillation
Characterization of Pseudo Fractions and Residue
Other Nonconventional Methods of Compositional Analysis

PVT ANALYSIS AND RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES
Introduction
Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
Laboratory Tests
Adjustment of Black Oil Laboratory Data
Other Sources of Obtaining the Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA
Introduction
Ideal Solution Principle
Empirical Correlations for Calculating Equilibrium Ratios for Real Solutions
Equations-of-State (EOS) Models
Use of EOS Models in PVT Packages

PROPERTIES OF FORMATION WATERS
Introduction
Compositional Characteristics of Formation Water
Bubble Point Pressure of Formation Water
Formation Volume Factor of Formation Water
Density of Formation Water
Viscosity of Formation Water
Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Formation Water
Solubility of Formation Water in Hydrocarbons
Compressibility of Formation Water