Advances in the Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament

Peter Muir, BVSc, MVetClinStud, PhD, Diplomate ACVS, ECVS, is a Professor of Small Animal Orthopaedic Surgery in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

About the Editor xi Contributors xiii Foreword xvii Kenneth A. Johnson Foreword xix Mark D. Markel, American College of Veterinary Surgeons Foundation Preface xxi Peter Muir Acknowledgment xxiii 1 Structure and Function 3 Introduction 3 Peter Muir 1 Morphology and Function of the Cruciate Ligaments 5 Hilde de Rooster, Tanya de Bruin, and Henri van Bree 2 Biomechanics of the Cruciate Ligaments 13 Susannah J. Sample, Ray Vanderby, Jr., and Peter Muir 3 Cruciate Ligament Remodeling and Repair 21 Connie S. Chamberlain and Ray Vanderby, Jr. 4 Meniscal Structure and Function 29 Antonio Pozzi and James L. Cook 5 Biomechanics of the Normal and Cranial Cruciate Ligament-Defi cient Stifl e 37 Antonio Pozzi and Stanley E. Kim 2 Etiopathogenesis of Cruciate Ligament Rupture 43 Introduction 43 Peter Muir 6 Histology of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture 45 Kei Hayashi and Peter Muir 7 Genetics of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture 53 Vicki Wilke 8 Cruciate Ligament Matrix Metabolism and Development of Laxity 59 Eithne Comerford 9 Stifle Morphology 65 Eithne Comerford 10 Role of Nitric Oxide Production and Matrix Protease Activity in Cruciate Ligament Degeneration 71 David E. Spreng 11 Role of Antibodies to Type I and II Collagen 77 Hilde de Rooster, Tanya de Bruin, and Eric Cox 12 Synovitis or Stifle Instability, Which Comes First? 81 Jason A. Bleedorn and Peter Muir 13 Role of Synovial Immune Responses in Stifle Synovitis 87 Peter Muir 3 Clinical Features 93 Introduction 93 Peter Muir 14 Epidemiology of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture 95 James L. Cook 15 History and Clinical Signs of Cruciate Ligament Rupture 101 Peter Muir 16 Partial versus Complete Rupture of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament 105 Peter Muir 17 Caudal Cruciate Ligament Rupture 109 Peter Muir 18 Stress Radiography of the Stifle 113 Henri van Bree, Hilde de Rooster, and Ingrid Gielen 19 Stifle Ultrasonography 117 Cristi R. Cook 20 Computed Tomography of the Stifle 123 Ingrid Gielen, Jimmy Saunders, Bernadette Van Ryssen, and Henri van Bree 21 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Stifle 135 Peter V. Scrivani 4 Surgical Treatment 143 Introduction 143 Peter Muir 22 Arthroscopy versus Arthrotomy for Surgical Treatment 145 Brian S. Beale and Don A. Hulse 23 Joint Lavage 159 Peter Muir 24 Extracapsular Stabilization 163 James L. Cook 25 Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy 169 Milan Milovancev and Susan L. Schaefer 26 Tibial Tuberosity Advancement 177 Randy J. Boudrieau 27 Intra-articular Stabilization 189 Paul A. Manley 28 Biomechanics of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Stifle Treated by Tibial Osteotomies 195 Antonio Pozzi and Stanley E. Kim 29 Arthroscopic Follow-Up after Surgical Stabilization of the Stifle 201 Brian S. Beale and Don A. Hulse 30 Cranial Cruciate Ligament Debridement 213 David E. Spreng 31 Surgical Treatment of Concurrent Meniscal Injury 217 James L. Cook and Antonio Pozzi 32 Meniscal Release 223 Antonio Pozzi and James L. Cook 33 Progression of Arthritis after Stifle Stabilization 229 John F. Innes 34 Residual Lameness after Stifl e Stabilization Surgery 233 Michael G. Conzemius and Richard B. Evans 5 Medical Management of Cruciate Rupture 239 Introduction 239 Peter Muir 35 Medical Therapy for Stifl e Arthritis 241 Gayle H. Jaeger and Steven C. Budsberg 36 Rehabilitation for Dogs with Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture 249 Courtney J. Arnoldy 6 Future Directions 255 Introduction 255 Peter Muir 37 Client-Specifi c Outcome Measures 257 John F. Innes 38 Total Knee Replacement in the Dog 263 Matthew J. Allen, William D. Liska, and Katy L. Townsend 39 Regenerative Medicine and Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair 271 Martha M. Murray and Patrick Vavken 40 Disease-Modifying Medical Therapy 277 Sara A. Colopy Index 283