Handbook of Intercultural Training (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Issues in Training Methodology 4
Copyright Page 5
Dedication 6
Table of Contents 8
Foreword 10
Preface 12
Chapter 8
Chapter 1. Specific Methodology and Approaches, Organization Context, and Theory Development in Cross-cultural Training 14
REFERENCES 27
Part I: Context Factors 30
Chapter 2. The Stress Factor in Intercultural Relations 32
ANXIETY, STRESS, AND CULTURE SHOCK 33
THE CULTURE-SHOCK POPULATION 34
COMPONENTS OF STRESS 34
PROGRESSION OF STRESS RESEARCH 38
RELATIONSHIP OF STRESS AND ANXIETY 39
ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL 41
CULTURE SHOCK AS A STRESS REACTION 42
COPING MECHANISMS 46
APPLICATION OF STRESS RESEARCH TO SOJOURNERS 52
SUMMARY 55
REFERENCES 56
Chapter 3. Intercultural Aspects of Organizational Effectiveness 63
ORGANIZATION AS CULTURE 64
INTERCULTURAL ORGANIZATIONAL ASSESSMENT 76
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 89
REFERENCES 90
Chapter 4. The Cross-Cultural Experience: The Program Manager's Perspective 95
PURPOSE 95
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 96
SOURCE OF THE DATA 96
THE IMPORTANCE OF CROSS-CULTURAL PROGRAMS 97
THE MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE 98
ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS: STICKY WICKETS 107
CONCLUSION 111
REFERENCES 111
Chapter 5. Situational Analysis 113
PREDICTING BEHAVIOR 113
SITUATIONAL FACTORS 117
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 118
DESCRIPTOR ANALYSIS OF SITUATIONS 126
INTERCULTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND TRAINING:SITUATIONAL DESCRIPTOR INSIGHTS 132
REFERENCES 135
Chapter 6. Awareness at the Crossroad: Designing Translator-based Training Programs 137
INTERNATIONAL TRAINING 137
LINGUISTIC TRANSLATION DESIGNS 146
CULTURALLY TRANSLATED DESIGNS 148
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 158
REFERENCES 158
Part II: Methods of Training 164
Chapter 7. Learning from Sojourners 166
ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT LEARNING FROM SOJOURNERS 167
REVERSING ROLES: AMERICANS LEARNING FROM FOREIGNSTUDENTS—THE NEED FOR THE PROGRAM 170
LEARNING WITH FOREIGN STUDENTS 174
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION I.PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS AND FACULTY 176
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION II.DEFINING LEARNING OUTCOMES AND EVALUATING THEM 179
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF THE PROGRAM:FOREIGN STUDENTS AS NONCONFORMISTS 182
SOURCES OF FOREIGN-STUDENT INFLUENCE 185
CONCLUSION 193
REFERENCES 195
Chapter 8. The Intercultural Sensitizer or Culture Assimilator: A Cognitive Approach 199
THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS 199
SUBJECTIVE CULTURE AND ATTRIBUTIONS 200
THE CULTURE ASSIMILATOR: AN INTERCULTURAL SENSITIZER 201
CONSTRUCTION OF AN ASSIMILATOR OR SENSITIZER 203
AVAILABLE INTERCULTURAL SENSITIZERS OR ASSIMILATORS 209
THE ASSIMILATOR AND OTHERCULTURE-TRAINING APPROACHES 212
A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE INTERCULTURAL SENSITIZER 213
DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE CONCEPTUALAND EMPIRICAL WORK 223
CONCLUDING REMARKS 225
REFERENCES 226
APPENDIXAVAILABLE ICSs 228
Chapter 9. Consultants and Competence in the Development of Cross-Cultural Programs 231
DEFINITIONS AND TYPES OF CONSULTANTS 231
DEFINITION AND TYPES OF COMPETENCE 233
ACEs IN CROSS-CULTURAL SITUATIONS 234
PROBLEMS IN PARTNERSHIP 236
ACEs AND THE BUREAUCRACY 237
ACES IN A REVOLUTION: AN EXAMPLE 240
ETHNICITY, DISINTEGRATION, AND DEVELOPMENT 243
STEREOTYPES AND SEMANTICS 245
SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES ON ETHNICITY 246
SOME IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 250
REFERENCES 251
Chapter 10. Race Relations Training in the U.S. Military 254
GENERAL BACKGROUND 255
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND GOALSOF THE DOD PROGRAM AND THE COMPONENTSDEVELOPED BY EACH BRANCH 259
TRAINING CONTENT AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNIQUES USED 265
EVALUATIONS OF RR/EO TRAINING PROGRAMS 270
PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE:IS THE GRAND EXPERIMENT OVER? 300
REFERENCES 300
Chapter 11. English for Intercultural Competence: An Approach to Intercultural Communication Training 303
ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND INTERCULTURALTRAINING: STRANGERS OR FRIENDS? 303
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE 308
A COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH 312
PROBLEMS WITH COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE 313
ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE 317
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE 319
ENGLISH FOR INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: A NAPPROACH TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING 325
QUESTIONS 332
REFERENCES 333
Chapter 12. Intercultural Training of Mental-Health Providers 338
THE NEED FOR TRAINING 338
DEFINITIONS OF CULTURE 339
DEFINITIONS OF COUNSELING 341
THE CULTURAL BIAS IN TRAINING 342
SELECTION OF TRAINERS 344
THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAINING 346
ALTERNATIVE TRAINING MODELS 347
THE TRIAD MODEL 349
CROSS-CULTURAL SKILL AREAS 356
CROSS-CULTURAL MENTAL-HEALTH TRAINING PROJECTS 358
CONCLUSION 361
REFERENCES 362
Name Index 366
Subject Index 376
About the Contributors 381