Technological Transformation in the Global Pulp and Paper Industry 1800–2018 (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
1 Technological Transformation in the Global Pulp and Paper Industry: Introduction 12
1.1 Research Setting 12
1.2 The History of Papermaking Technology 13
1.3 The Case Studies 18
References 21
Research and Development 22
2 Manufacturing Cellulosic Fibres for Making Paper: A Historical Perspective 23
2.1 The Origins of Turning Cellulosic Materials into Paper 23
2.2 The Basics of Industrial Applications of Cellulose 26
2.3 Chemical Pulping 28
2.3.1 General Aspects 28
2.3.2 Early Approaches 32
2.3.3 Recovery of Kraft Cooking Chemicals 34
2.3.4 Recent Trends in Kraft Pulping 35
2.4 Bleaching of Pulps 37
2.5 Development of Industrial Papermaking 39
2.5.1 Brief History of Paper Machines 39
2.5.2 Current Papermaking 40
2.6 Concluding Remarks 42
References 43
3 Research and Development in the Finnish Wood Processing and Paper Industry, c. 1850–1990 45
3.1 Two Cumulative Masses of Knowledge 45
3.2 The Nature of a Paper Mill 47
3.3 The Early Stages of Paper Manufacturing and Wood Chemistry 49
3.3.1 Tar Manufacturers and the Scientific Approach to Wood Chemistry 49
3.3.2 Formal Technical Education 50
3.3.3 The Origins of Research into Making Paper 51
3.4 In Independent Finland 51
3.4.1 Formal University Education in Paper Technology 53
3.4.2 War Time Crisis and Tar Oil Production 54
3.5 A New Beginning After the War 55
3.5.1 Two Paths for Research and Development 57
3.5.2 Rebuilding the Connections 59
3.5.3 Over the Atlantic Ocean 62
3.5.4 Engineering for the Industry 63
3.5.5 Building the Research Organization 64
3.5.6 Time for Innovation 66
3.6 Conclusions 70
References 73
4 The Greening of the Pulp and Paper Industry: Sweden in Comparative Perspective 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Environmental Impacts of Pulp and Paper Production: A Short Background 77
4.3 Environmental Regulation as a Driver for Technology Development 78
4.4 The “Spring-Cleaning” of the Swedish PPI 81
4.4.1 Internal Process Changes and Structural Rationalizations 81
4.4.2 Emission Reductions and Costs 82
4.4.3 Firm Collaboration 84
4.5 Towards ECF and TCF Bleached Pulp 86
4.6 Energy Transition 90
4.7 Environmentally Driven Transformation—The Past and the Future 93
References 94
Regulations and Institutions 98
5 Varieties of State Aid and Technological Development: Government Support to the Pulp and Paper Industry, the 1970s to the 1990s 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Data Considerations 101
5.3 The Pulp and Paper Industry in the OECD Countries 104
5.4 Government Support for the Pulp and Paper Industry 106
5.4.1 Government Measures to Support Upstream Production 109
5.4.2 Measures to Support the Production Stage 111
5.4.3 Vertical Measures to Support Pulp and Paper Industry 112
5.5 Conclusions 113
References 115
6 From Backward to Modern: The Adoption of Technology by the Pulp Industry in Portugal, 1891–2015 118
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Pulp Industry in Portugal: A Long-Term Perspective 120
6.3 A Portrait of Backwardness in the 1930s 123
6.4 An Industry Taking-off—Starting Out as a Latecomer 125
6.4.1 Creating the Conditions for the “Big Push” 125
6.4.2 Companhia Portuguesa de Celulose (CPC) 126
6.5 Expanding Productive Capacity: New Entrants and New Investments 128
6.6 Consolidating Growth in a Nationalised Economy 131
6.7 Privatisation, Concentration and Specialisation 133
6.8 Conclusions 136
References 137
7 Natural Potential, Artificial Restraint: The Dryden Paper Company and the Fetters on Adopting Technological Innovation in a Canadian Pulp and Paper Sector, 1900–1950 140
7.1 Introduction 140
7.2 The Context and Early Challenges to Establishing a Pulp and Paper Mill 142
7.2.1 Ontario’s Dominant Place in Canada 142
7.2.2 Government Hinders the Development of the Industry 144
7.3 A Pulp and Paper Mill Is Built in Dryden Despite Government Hurdles 147
7.3.1 Dryden’s Kraft Pulp and Paper, 1913 147
7.3.2 Government Fetters Development: Timber 148
7.3.3 Government Fetters Development: Hydroelectricity 150
7.4 Dryden Paper Company in the 1920s 152
7.4.1 Difficulties Due to Technology, Global Forces and Market Trends 152
7.4.2 Americans Take Control: Monopoly Capitalism Delays Expansion, 1928 154
7.4.3 Government Now Supports the Firm 155
7.5 Dryden Paper in the Great Depression and War 157
7.5.1 Status Quo During the 1930s 157
7.5.2 Keen but Unable to Expand During the Second World War 158
7.6 Dryden Paper at Mid-Century: Dramatic Expansion 160
7.6.1 International Impetus to Expansion, Late 1940s 160
7.6.2 New Owners and Government Support for Huge Expansion, 1950s 161
7.7 Conclusion 161
References 163
8 The Endless Sheet: Technology Transfer and the Papermaking Industry in Spain, 1800–1936 167
8.1 Introduction 167
8.2 An International Perspective on Papermaking Engineering 169
8.3 The Genesis of the Spanish Market of Papermaking Engineering 172
8.3.1 Foreign Machines and Mechanisation 172
8.3.2 The Means of Transfer: The Importance of Direct Contact 174
8.3.3 National Workshops: An Essential Piece in Technological Transfer 178
8.4 Foreign Technology and Spanish Engineers: The Improvement of Technological Capacity 180
8.4.1 The German and Swiss Supremacy 181
8.4.2 The Transfer Mechanisms: The Growing Importance of Networks 182
8.4.3 The Subsidiary Role of District Workshops 185
8.4.4 Skilled Labour: More Spanish Technicians 187
8.4.5 Technical Press: An Open Door to Update Knowledge 188
8.5 Conclusions 189
References 190
Local Innovations and Global Markets 193
9 Technology Transfer and Local Innovation: Pulp and Paper Manufacturing in New Zealand, c.1860 to c.1960 194
9.1 Introduction 194
9.2 Paper Making Using Flax and Imported Wood Pulp 195
9.3 Schemes for Pulping the Indigenous Forests of New Zealand 197
9.4 Competing Forest Service and Company Schemes for Pulping the Exotic Forests 201
9.4.1 Origins of the National Pulp and Paper Scheme 202
9.4.2 Whakatane Board Mills 204
9.4.3 New Zealand Forest Products 207
9.4.4 From a National Pulp and Paper Scheme to the Murupara Scheme 209
9.4.5 The Kaingaroa Tender and Tasman Pulp and Paper 213
9.5 Conclusion 216
References 218
10 Making Paper in Australia: Developing the Technology to Create a National Industry, 1818–1928 221
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 Colonisation, Federation, Tariffs and Early Papermaking in Australia, 1788–1917 222
10.3 Australian Papermaking in Perth, Western Australia 1918–1922 224
10.4 Australian Papermaking in a Semi-commercial Mill, 1922–1923 229
10.5 Australian Papermaking in a Commercial Mill, 1924–1928 233
10.6 Conclusion 236
References 238
11 The Quest for Raw Materials in the British Paper Trade: The Development of the Bamboo Pulp and Paper Industry in British India up to 1939 241
11.1 Introduction 241
11.2 Quest for a New Raw Material 243
11.3 Introduction of Wood Pulp for the British Paper Trade 246
11.4 Bamboo Considered as a Papermaking Material 248
11.5 Experiments with Bamboo on a Commercial and Organised Basis in India 251
11.5.1 Capital and Entrepreneurship 253
11.5.2 The Essential Conditions for a Successful Bamboo Pulp and Paper Industry 255
11.5.3 The Paper and Pulp Trades and Indian Tariff Policy 257
11.6 Conclusions 260
References 261
12 Creating Global Markets: Seaborne Trade in Pulp and Paper Products Over the Last 400 Years 264
12.1 Introduction 264
12.2 Trade Flows of Pulp and Paper Products 265
12.2.1 From Early Developments… 265
12.2.2 …to Industrialised Paper Production 267
12.3 Shipping Pulp and Paper Products 273
12.4 Conclusions 278
References 279
13 Technological Transformation in the Global Pulp and Paper Industry: Concluding Remarks 282
13.1 Conclusions and New Beginnings 282
Index 286