Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy

Allen E. Ivey received his counseling doctorate from Harvard University and is distinguished Emeritus Professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Courtesy Professor, Counselor Education, University of South Florida, Tampa. He is past-President and Fellow of the Society for Counseling Psychology of the American Psychological Association, APA's Society for the Study of Ethnic and Minority Psychology, the Asian-American Psychological Association, and the American Counseling Association. He has received many awards throughout his career and has authored over 40 books and 200 articles and chapters. His works have been translated into 23 languages. His recent work has focused on applying Developmental Counseling and Therapy and neuroscience to the analysis and treatment of severe psychological distress. Michael D'Andrea received his doctorate in human development counseling from Vanderbilt in 1982. He is currently a faulty member with Seton Hall University as well as St. Mary's University (San Antonio, Texas). In addition to his work as a Professor, he serves as the Executive Director of the National Institute for Cultural Competence. He has authored or coauthored more than 200 articles, book chapters, books, and other scholarly work ranging from human development to multicultural counseling. Besides his contributions as a writer, researcher, and professor, Dr. D'Andrea is well known for his political and social activism in the fields of counseling and psychology. Mary Bradford Ivey received her doctorate from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. She is courtesy Professor of Counselor Education at the University of South Florida, Tampa and a Fellow of the American Counseling Association. She is a former school counselor in the Amherst schools and her program was named one of the top ten in the nation. She has co-authored 15 books, several articles, and has developed many video training demonstrations. She has served as visiting professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, University of Hawaii, Manoa, and Flinders University in South Australia.

Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I. An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories and Practices
1. Past Influences, Present Trends, and Future Challenges in Counseling and Psychotherapy
Chapter Goals
Vignette #1
Introduction
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
The Individual Perceptions and Meaning Making Quadrant
The Behavioral/Physical/Neurological Quadrant
The Societal/Professional Quadrant
The Scientist-Practitioner
The Cultural Community Quadrant
The Interfacing of the Integral Quadrants
Linking Theory to Practice
Summary
2. Neuroscience
Chapter Goals
Vignette #2
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
Neuroscience: The Missing Link in Counseling
Acknowledging the Resistance to Neuroscience
What Are Neurotransmitters?
Helping Strategies That Promote Healthy Neurotransmitters
Understanding the Complexity of Linking People's Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors to Various Parts of the Brain
Using Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories to Promote Positive Brain Changes
Neuroscience Research Findings and Psychodynamic Therapy Theories
Neuroscience Research Findings and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Theories
Cultural Neuroscience
Trauma and Other Threats to One's Well-Being: Multicultural and Neurological Considerations
Summary
3. The Multidimensional Nature of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy
Chapter Goals
Vignette #3
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
The Multicultural and Feminist Counseling Movements
RESPECTFUL Counseling and Therapy
Professional Ethics and Multicultural Competence
The Community Counseling Theory (CCT): A Multifaceted Approach to Counseling and Development
Summary
4. Using Narrative and Microskills in Counseling and Therapy: Foundations of the Intentional Interview
Chapter Goals
Vignette #4
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
The Five-Stage Interview: A Viable Model for All Theories
Theories of Counseling and Therapy as Stories and Narratives
Microskills: An Integrative Foundation for Counseling and Therapy
Influencing Skills and Strategies
Focusing: Internal and External Attribution
Limitations and Practical Implications of the Microskills Framework
Narrative Therapy: Storytelling in the Process of Counseling and Psychotherapy
Narrative Therapy, Microskills, and Other Theoretical Models
Summary
Part II. Introduction to the First, Second, and Third Forces in Counseling and Psychotherapy
5. The Psychodynamic Tradition: Theoretical Constructs and Practical Applications
Chapter Goals
Vignette #5
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Indroduction
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalytic Counseling and Therapy: An Overview
Freud's Psychoanalytic Worldview
Freud's Stages of Development: The Roots of Behavior, Emotion, and Thought
Other Key Freudian/Psychoanalytic Concepts
Attachment Theory
Adult Resistant and Avoidant Defense Mechanisms
Recent Neuroscience Research on Attachment Theory
Psychodynamic Counseling and Therapy Strategies: Applications for Practice
Practical Implications and Limitations of Psychodynamic Methods
Summary
Professional Development Extension
6. Adlerian and Jungian Counseling and Therapy
Chapter Goals
Vignette #6
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology
Adler's Theory of Individual Psychology
The Adlerian Worldview
The Teleological Nature of Humankind
Social Interest, Personal Competence, Superiority, and Belongingness
Other Key Adlerian Concepts
Adlerian Counseling and Therapy Startegies: Applications for Practice
Practical Implications and Limitations of Jung's Theory
Carl Jung and Analystical Psychology
The Jungian Worldview
The Personal Unconscious
Expanding Jungian Concepts Through Multicultural Psychodynamic Theory
The Family Unconscious
The Family and the Collective Cultural Unconscious
Therapeutic Implications
Jungian Counseling and Therapy Strategies: Applications for Practice
Practical Implications and Limitations of Jung's Theory
New Directions in Psychodynamic Counseling and Therapy: Interpersonal Therapy
Summary
7. Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling and Therapy
Chapter Goals
Vignette #7
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Indroduction
The Evolution of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: An Overview of Behaviorism
Classical Conditioning Theory: Pavlov and Watson
Operant Conditioning Theory: B. F. Skinner
Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura
Behavioral Counseling and Therapy Strategies: Applications for Practice
Functional Analysis: The A-B-C's of Behavior
Pinpointing Behavior
The Cognitive Revolution
Meichenbaum's Theory of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Aaron Beck, Cognitive Therapy, and Automatic Thoughts
Neuroscientific Support for Beck?s Theory
Multicultural and Feminist Approaches to CBT
CBT Strategies: Applications for Practice
New Directions in CBT: Mindfulness Counseling and Therapy
Practical Implications and Limitations of CBT
Summary
8. Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy and Reality Therapy
Chapter Goals
Vignette #8
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
Cognition and the Cognitive-Behavioral Force
Albert Ellis and Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
Central Theoretical Constructs and Techniques of REBT
Integration of Theory and Action
REBT and Multicultural Factors
Linking Neuroscience With REBCT
Limitations and Practical Implications of Ellis's Theory
William Glasser and Reality Therapy
Central Theoretical Constructs of Reality Therapy
Glasser's Theory in Action
Glasser's Criticisms of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Reality Therapy and Multicultural Counseling
Innovative Technological Developments: New Directions for CBT and Reality Therapy
Limitations and Practical Implications of Glasser?s Theory
Summary
9. The Existential- Humanistic Tradition
Chapter Goals
Vignette #9
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
The Existential-Humanistic Worldview
The Rogerian Revolution: Carl Rogers's Theoretical Worldview
Expanding Self-Actualization Theory
The Influence of Rogers
Spirituality, Multiculturalism, and Existential-Humanistic Counseling
New Directions in Client-Centered Counseling and Therapy: Motivational Interviewing
Limitations and Practical Implications of the Existential-Humanistic Tradition
Summary
10. Logotherapy and Gestalt Counseling
Chapter Goals
Vignette #10
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy: An Overview
Central Theoretical Constructs of Logotherapy
Logotherapy Strategies: Applications for Practice
Logotherapy, Spirituality, and Medicine
Multicultural Implications of Logotherapy: Promoting Psychological Liberation
Fritz Perls and Gestalt Therapy
Central Theoretical Constructs and Techniques
Gestalt Techniques
Individualism and Other Cultural/Contextual Considerations
Critiquing Perls's Work from Multicultural and Feminist Perspectives
Limitations and Practical Implications of the Existential-Humanistic Tradition
Summary
Part III. Exploring New Forces in the Evolution of Counseling and Psychotherapy
11. Feminist Counseling and Therapy (FCT)
Chapter Goals
Vignette #11
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
The Feminist Counseling and Therapy Movement: An Overview
Developing a New Psychology of Women
The FCT Worldview
Self in Relation: The Importance of Relational Considerations
Dealing With Sexism in Counseling and Therapy
Feminist Identity Development Theory
Working Intentionally With Women in Counseling and Therapy
Intentionally Focusing on Women's Strengths
Feminist and Multicultural Counseling and Therapy
Relational-Cultural Theory
Summary
12. Multicultural Counseling and Therapy
Chapter Goals
Vignette #12
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
Multicultural Counseling and Therapy as Metatheory
Building a More Expansive View of Counseling and Therapy
Being Mindful of Multiple Identities, Contexts, and Experiences
Introspective Developmental Counseling
Cultural/Racial Identity Development Theory
Implications of Practitioners' White Cultural/Racial Identity Development
Co-Constructing Culturally Appropriate Techniques and Strategies in MCT
Applying MCT With Culturally Different Clients
General Guidelines for Working With Persons in Specific Groups
MCT Practice and Multiple Helping Roles
Network Therapy
The Liberation of Consciousness
Paulo Freire's Theory of Psychological Liberation
Quinones-Rosado's Consciousness-in-Action Theory
Using the Consciousness-in-Action Model in Individual Counseling
Limitations and Practical Implications of MCT
Summary
13. Positive Psychology/Wellness Counseling and Brief/Solution-Focused Therapy
Chapter Goals
Vignette #13
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
The Wellness Counseling Model
The Essential Self
The Coping Self
The Social Self
The Creative Self
The Physical Self
Implementing a Personal/Contextual Approach to Wellness Counseling
Brief/Solution-Focused Therapy and Wellness Counseling
Limitations and Practical Implications of Brief/Solution-Focused Therapy and Positive Psychology/Wellness Counseling
Summary
14. Developmental Counseling and Therapy: Integrative Theory and Practice
Chapter Goals
Vignette #14
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
The Integrative Worldview of Developmental Counseling and Therapy
Comparing Ivey's DCT Model and Lane's levels of Awareness Theory
Piagetian Cognitive Stages Related to Client Assessment
DCT Styles and Cultural Identity Development Theory
Lane's Research on Emotions
DCT's Approach to Treatment Planning
The Unique Narrative Strategies of DCT
Toward the Future: DCT, Neuroscience, Wellness, Health Psychology, Multiculturalism, and Prevention
Limitations and Practical Implications of the DCT Integrative Approach
Summary
15. Basic Foundations of Family Counseling and Therapy: Theoretical Foundations and Translations to Practice
Chapter Goals
Vignette #15
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
Origins of a Family Perspective in Counseling and Psychotherapy
The Systemic Worldview
Central Constructs of Family Counseling and Therapy
Multicultural Issues in Family Counseling and Therapy
Major Family Counseling and Therapy Theories
Bowen Family Therapy: An Illustrative First-Force Perspective
Structural Family Therapy: An Illustrative Second-Force Perspective
Symbolic/Experiential Family Therapy: Illustrative Third-Force Perspective
Systemic Cognitive-Developmental Therapy: Illustrative Fourth-Force Perspective
Limitations of Family Counseling and Therapy
Summary
16. Identifying Your Own Integrated Approach to Counseling and Therapy
Chapter Goals
Vignette #16
An Integral Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy
Introduction
The Search for the "Best" Theory
The Foundational Chapters: Basic to All Theories
Searching for Theoretical Integration
Multicultural Counseling and Therapy as the Theoretical Fourth Force
A Summary of the Major Theoretical Forces of Counseling and Psychotherapy
Embracing Research as Scientific Practitioners
Constructing Your Own View or Theory of Counseling and Therapy
References
Author Index
Subject Index
About the Authors