Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles

William Stallings has made a unique contribution to understanding the broad sweep of technical developments in computer networking and computer architecture. He has authored 17 titles, and counting revised editions, a total of 41 books on various aspects of these subjects. In over 20 years in the field, he has been a technical contributor, technical manager, and an executive with several high-technology firms. Currently he is an independent consultant whose clients have included computer and networking manufacturers and customers, software development firms, and leading-edge government research institutions. He has received the award for the best Computer Science textbook of the year seven times from the Text and Academic Authors Association. Bill has designed and implemented both TCP/IP-based and OSI-based protocol suites on a variety of computers and operating systems, ranging from microcomputers to mainframes. As a consultant, he has advised government agencies, computer and software vendors, and major users on the design, selection, and use of networking software and products. As evidence of his commitment to providing a broad range of support to students, Bill created and maintains the Computer Science Student Resource Site at WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html. This site provides documents and links on a variety of subjects of general interest to computer science students (and professionals). He is a member of the editorial board of Cryptologia, a scholarly journal devoted to all aspects of cryptology. He is a frequent lecturer and author of numerous technical papers. His books include Data and Computer Communications, Ninth Edition (Prentice Hall, 2011), which has become the standard in the field. Dr. Stallings holds a PhD from M.I.T. in Computer Science and a B.S. from Notre Dame in electrical engineering.

Preface



About the Author

Chapter 0 Reader's and Instructor's Guide 0.1 Outline of the Book

0.2 A Roadmap for Readers and Instructors

0.3 Internet and Web Resources



PART ONE: BACKGROUND

Chapter 1: Computer System Overview 1.1 Basic Elements

1.2 Evolution of the Microprocessor

1.3 Instruction Execution

1.4 Interrupts

1.5 The Memory Hierarchy

1.6 Cache Memory

1.7 Direct Memory Access

1.8 Multiprocessor and Multicore Organization

1.9 Recommended Reading and Web Sites

1.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Appendix 1A Performance Characteristics of Two-Level Memory

Appendix 1B Procedure Control



Chapter 2: Operating System Overview

2.1 Operating System Objectives and Functions

2.2 The Evolution of Operating Systems

2.3 Major Achievements

2.4 Developments Leading to Modern Operating Systems

2.5 Virtual Machines

2.6 OS Design Considerations for Multiprocessor and Multicore

2.7 Microsoft Windows Overview

2.8 Traditional UNIX Systems

2.9 Modern UNIX Systems

2.10 Linux

2.11 Recommended Reading and Web Sites

2.12 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



PART TWO: PROCESSES

Chapter 3: Process Description and Control 3.1 What is a Process?

3.2 Process States

3.3 Process Description

3.4 Process Control

3.5 Execution of the Operating System

3.6 Security Issues

3.7 UNIX SVR4 Process Management

3.8 Summary

3.9 Recommended Reading

3.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Chapter 4: Threads

4.1 Processes and Threads

4.2 Types of Threads

4.3 Multicore and Multithreading

4.4 Windows 7 Thread and SMP Management

4.5 Solaris Thread and SMP Management

4.6 Linux Process and Thread Management

4.7 Mac OS X Grand Central Dispatch

4.8 Summary

4.9 Recommended Reading

4.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Chapter 5: Concurrency: Mutual Exclusion and Synchronization 5.1 Principles of Concurrency

5.2 Mutual Exclusion: Hardware Support

5.3 Semaphores

5.4 Monitors

5.5 Message Passing

5.6 Readers/Writers Problem

5.7 Summary

5.8 Recommended Reading

5.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Chapter 6: Concurrency: Deadlock and Starvation 6.1 Principles of Deadlock

6.2 Deadlock Prevention

6.3 Deadlock Avoidance

6.4 Deadlock Detection

6.5 An Integrated Deadlock Strategy

6.6 Dining Philosophers Problem

6.7 UNIX Concurrency Mechanisms

6.8 Linux Kernel Concurrency Mechanisms

6.9 Solaris Thread Synchronization Primitives

6.10 Windows 7 Concurrency Mechanisms

6.11 Summary

6.12 Recommended Reading

6.13 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



PART THREE: MEMORY

Chapter 7: Memory Management 7.1 Memory Management Requirements

7.2 Memory Partitioning

7.3 Paging

7.4 Segmentation

7.5 Security Issues

7.6 Summary

7.7 Recommended Reading

7.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Appendix 7A Loading and Linking



Chapter 8: Virtual Memory 8.1 Hardware and Control Structures

8.2 Operating System Software

8.3 UNIX and Solaris Memory Management

8.4 Linux Memory Management

8.5 Windows 7 Memory Management

8.6 Summary

8.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites

8.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



PART FOUR: SCHEDULING

Chapter 9: Uniprocessor Scheduling 9.1 Types of Scheduling

9.2 Scheduling Algorithms

9.3 Traditional UNIX Scheduling

9.4 Summary

9.5 Recommended Reading

9.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Appendix 9A Response Time

Appendix 9B Queuing Systems



Chapter 10: Multiprocessor and Real-Time Scheduling 10.1 Multiprocessor Scheduling

10.2 Real-Time Scheduling

10.3 Linux Scheduling

10.4 UNIX FreeBSD Scheduling

10.5 Windows 7 Scheduling

10.6 Summary

10.7 Recommended Reading

10.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



PART FIVE: INPUT/OUTPUT AND FILES

Chapter 11: I/O Management and Disk Scheduling 11.1 I/O Devices

11.2 Organization of the I/O Function

11.3 Operating System Design Issues

11.4 I/O Buffering

11.5 Disk Scheduling

11.6 RAID

11.7 Disk Cache

11.8 UNIX FreeBSD I/O

11.9 Linux I/O

11.10 Windows 7 I/O

11.11 Summary

11.12 Recommended Reading

11.13 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Appendix 11A Disk Storage Devices



Chapter 12: File Management

12.1 Overview

12.2 File Organization and Access

12.3 File Directories

12.4 File Sharing

12.5 Record Blocking

12.6 Secondary Storage Management

12.7 File System Security

12.8 UNIX File Management

12.9 Linux File Management

12.10 Windows 7 File System

12.11 Summary

12.12 Recommended Reading

12.13 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



PART SIX: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Chapter 13: Embedded Operating Systems 13.1 Embedded Systems

13.2 Characteristics of Embedded Operating Systems

13.3 eCOS

13.4 TinyOS

13.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites

13.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



PART SEVEN: SECURITY

Chapter 14: Computer Security Threats 14.1 Computer Security Concepts

14.2 Threats, Attacks, and Assets

14.3 Intruders

14.4 Malicious Software Overview

14.5 Viruses, Worms, and Bots

14.6 Rootkits

14.7 Summary

14.8 Recommended Reading

14.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Chapter 15: Computer Security Techniques

15.1 Authentication

15.2 Access Control

15.3 Intrusion Detection

15.4 Malware Defense

15.5 Dealing with Buffer Overflow Attacks

15.6 Windows 7 Security

15.7 Summary

15.8 Recommended Reading

15.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



PART EIGHT: DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

Chapter 16: Distributed Processing, Client/Server, and Clusters

16.1 Client/Server Computing

16.2 Distributed Message Passing

16.3 Remote Procedure Calls

16.4 Clusters

16.5 Windows 7 Cluster Server

16.6 Sun Cluster

16.7 Beowulf and Linux Clusters

16.8 Summary

16.9 Recommended Reading

16.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



APPENDICES

Appendix A: Topics in Concurrency A.1 Mutual Exclusion: Software Approaches

A.2 Race Conditions and Semaphores

A.3 A Barbershop Problem

A.4 Problems



Appendix B: Programming and Operating System Projects B.1 Animations and Animation Projects

B.2 Simulations

B.3 Programming Projects

B.4 Research Projects

B.5 Reading/Report Assignments

B.6 Writing Assignments

B.7 Documentation Projects

B.8 BACI and Nachos



References

Index

ONLINE CHAPTERS AND APPENDICES

Chapter 17: Networking 17.1 The Need for a Protocol Architecture

17.2 The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

17.3 Sockets

17.4 Linux Networking

17.5 Summary

17.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites

17.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Appendix 17A The Trivial File Transfer Protocol



Chapter 18: Distributed Process Management 18.1 Process Migration

18.2 Distributed Global States

18.3 Distributed Mutual Exclusion

18.4 Distributed Deadlock

18.5 Summary

18.6 Recommended Reading

18.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Chapter 19: Overview of Probability and Stochastic Processes 19.1 Probability

19.2 Random Variables

19.3 Elementary Concepts of Stochastic Processes

19.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites

19.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Chapter 20: Queuing Analysis 20.1 How Queues Behave A Simple Example

20.2 Why Queuing Analysis?

20.3 Queuing Models

20.4 Single-Server Queues

20.5 Multiserver Queues

20.6 Examples

20.7 Queues with Priorities

20.8 Networks of Queues

20.9 Other Queuing Models

20.10 Estimating Model Parameters

20.11 Recommended Reading and Web Sites

20.12 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems



Programming Project One: Developing a Shell

Programming Project Two: The HOST Dispatcher Shell

Appendix C: Topics in Computer Organization C.1 Processor Registers
C.2 Instruction Execution
C.3 I/O Communication Techniques

C.4 Hardware Performance Issues and Multicore Organization



Appendix D: Object-Oriented Design

D.1 Motivation

D.2 Object-Oriented Concepts

D.3 Benefits of Object-Oriented Design

D.4 CORBA

D.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites



Appendix E: Amdahl's Law



Appendix F: Hash Tables

Appendix G: Response Time

Appendix H: Queuing System Concepts

H.1 The Single-Server Queue

H.2 The Multiserver Queue

H.3 Poisson Arrival Rate



Appendix I: The Complexity of Algorithms



Appendix J: Standards Organizations J.1 The Importance of Standards

J.2 Standards and Regulation

J.3 Standards-Setting Organizations



Appendix K: Cryptographic Algorithms K.1 Symmetric Encryption

K.2 Public-Key Cryptography

K.3 Secure Hash Functions



Appendix L: The International Reference Alphabet



Appendix M: BACI: The Ben-Ari Concurrent Programming System

M.1 Introduction

M.2 BACI

M.3 Examples of BACI Programs

M.4 BACI Projects

M.5 Enhancements to the BACK System



Appendix N: Sockets: A Programmer's Introduction N.1 Versions of Sockets

N.2 Sockets, Socket Descriptors, Ports, and Connections

N.3 The Client/Server Model of Communication

N.4 Sockets Elements

N.5 Stream and Datagram Sockets

N.6 Run-Time Program Control

N.7 Remote Execution of a Windows Console Application