The RFID Roadmap: The Next Steps for Europe (eBook)

Foreword 5
Preface 7
Contributors 10
Table of Contents 12
List of Tables 16
List of Figures 17
Abbreviations 19
Introduction 22
1.1 The Technology Diffusion of RFID and Specific Challenges 25
1.2 Outline of the Book 27
Framework for the Classification of RFID Applications and Stakeholders 30
2.1 The RFID Reference Model 30
2.2 The RFID Stakeholder Model 33
Standards 35
3.1 Standardisation Organisations and Processes 36
3.1.1 Basic Rule Setting Organisations 36
3.1.2 Standard Development Organisations 37
3.1.3 User and Industry Organisations 38
3.1.4 Business Models of Standardisation Organisations 38
3.2 Radio Spectrum Framework 40
3.3 Interoperability of Standards 46
3.3.1 Product Codes 47
3.3.2 The Internet of Things 48
3.3.3 Data Exchange and the Object Name Service (ONS) 49
3.4 Analysis of the Need for Application Specific Standards 51
3.4.1 Logistical Tracking and Tracing of Goods 52
3.4.2 Production, Monitoring and Maintenance of Goods and Processes 54
3.4.3 Product Safety, Quality and Information of Goods and Processes 56
3.4.4 Access Control Systems, Personal Tracking, Rental Systems 58
3.4.5 General Assessment of Current RFID Application Standards 59
3.4.6 General Recommendations on RFID Application Standards 60
3.5 Need for Standards for RFID Sensor Tags 60
3.6 Privacy and Security Standards 61
3.6.1 Privacy 61
3.6.2 Security 62
3.6.3 Data Security Measures in Air Interface Standards 63
3.6.4 Recommendations on Privacy and Data Security 64
Implementation and Application Guidelines 66
4.1 Requirements of Guidelines 67
4.1.1 The RFID Reference Model 67
4.1.2 The RFID Implementation Checklist 67
4.2 Analysis of Existing Guidelines 70
4.2.1 Method 70
4.2.2 Initial Categorisation 72
4.2.3 Definition of RFID Guidelines 73
4.2.4 Process of Analysis 74
4.2.5 List of Guidelines Analysed 75
4.3 Quantitative Analysis of Guidelines 83
4.3.1 Formal Categories 83
4.3.2 Addressees of Guidelines 85
4.3.3 Consideration of Stakeholders 89
4.4 Establishing Guidelines Using the RFID Implementation Checklist 91
4.5 Conclusions 96
4.5.1 Relevance of Existing RFID Guidelines 96
4.5.2 The RFID Implementation Checklist – next Steps 97
Regulatory Framework 100
5.1 Privacy 100
5.1.1 Legal Framework 101
5.1.2 Data Protection Principles and the Definition of Personal Data 103
5.1.3 RFID and Data Protection Legislation: a Case Specific Approach 107
5.1.4 Conclusions 115
5.2 Health and Environmental Effects 119
5.2.1 Health Effects 119
5.2.2 Environmental Effects 120
5.3 Radio Spectrum 122
5.3.1 EC Legislation and other Policy Texts 122
5.3.2 Analysis 125
5.3.3 Conclusion 126
5.4 The Intellectual Property Rights Framework 127
5.4.1 Policy Approaches 127
5.4.2 Industry approaches 130
5.4.3 Open Source Approach: OpenPCD 132
5.4.4 Conclusions 132
5.5 RFID Governance 134
5.5.1 Observation of Current Debate on Internet Governance 134
5.5.2 Legal Framework and Approaches to RFID Governance 136
5.5.3 Conclusions 138
Technological Research Needs 140
6.1 General Technology Challenges 140
6.2 Technology Requirements 142
6.2.1 Tags 142
6.2.2 Readers 144
6.2.3 System Technology 145
6.3 RFID Technology Roadmap 146
6.3.1 Packaging 148
6.3.2 Chip Design 148
6.3.3 Energy Aspects 149
6.3.4 RF Technology 150
6.3.5 Manufacturing 151
6.3.6 Systems 152
6.3.7 Readers 153
6.3.8 Non-Silicon Technologies 154
6.3.9 Bi-stable Displays 155
6.3.10 Sensors 155
6.3.11 Cryptography 156
6.3.12 ICT Architectures 157
6.3.13 Environmental Aspects 157
R& D Environment
7.1 Outline and Approach 159
7.1.1 Assessment Criteria of R& D Support Programmes
7.1.2 Methodology used for the Analysis 161
7.1.3 Programmes and Countries Considered 162
7.2 Analysis of National Programmes 163
7.2.1 Germany 163
7.2.2 France 166
7.2.3 UK 169
7.2.4 The Netherlands 169
7.2.5 Italy 171
7.2.6 Spain 171
7.2.7 Austria 172
7.2.8 Finland 174
7.2.9 New Member States 176
7.3 Transnational Programmes with National Funding 177
7.3.1 NORDITE 177
7.3.2 EUREKA 177
7.4 Transnational Programmes with Joint National and EU Funding 179
7.5 European Programmes 179
7.6 R& D Programmes &
7.7 Conclusions of RFID R& D Funding Programme Assessment
7.7.1 Thematic Focus of Funded Programmes 183
7.7.2 Funding Structures 184
7.8 Recommendation for a Future European R& D Policy
Conclusion: The Next Steps for Europe 193
8.1 The Fields of Activities 193
8.2 The Stakeholder Perspective 197
References 205
Index 215