Simulation with Entropy in Engineering Thermodynamics (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 9
1 Thermodynamics as a Universal Science 12
1.1 Transmission of thermal power 12
1.2 Examples of oneport-C’s and multiport-C’s 15
1.3 Thermal multiport-C and the laws of thermodynamics 19
1.4 Thermodynamics in pictures 24
1.5 Case of an ideal gas 26
1.6 Equilibrium in thermodynamics and electricity 27
1.7 Thermal radiation 29
2 Frictions and Irreversibilities 34
2.1 Frictions of all kinds 34
2.2 Heat conduction over a finite temperature drop, and combined conduction 35
2.3 Carnot cycle between two sources with friction 39
2.4 Heat flux and entropy flow 42
3 Mass Flows 44
3.1 Flow processes 44
3.2 Enthalpy and entropy in fluids pipes 50
3.3 Heat exchangers 52
3.4 Thermal turbo machines 53
3.5 Gas flow between two vessels with scavenging 55
3.6 Two-phase flow in boilers and condensers 58
3.7 Units and overvalues in thermodynamics 61
3.8 Exergy, an accountant’s reserve 62
3.9 High velocity turbomachines 63
4 Chemical Reactions and Osmosis 68
4.1 Chemical equilibria and entropy stripping 68
4.2 Chemical reactions 77
4.3 Near to and far from equilibrium 80
4.4 Parallel and competing reactions 81
4.5 Osmosis as a bridge between physical, chemical and biological effects 81
4.6 Reversible mixing and Gibb’s paradox 85
4.7 Tellegen’s theorem and chemical inductance 88
5 Entropy and Information Theory 90
5.1 Orders of magnitude and microscopic entropy 90
5.2 Entropy of a message after Shannon 91
5.3 Micro-information and negentropy 93
5.4 Information theory, noise and organization 94
5.5 Applications 95
Bibliography 106
Appendix 1 Understanding with Bond Graphs 112
A1.1 Elements 112
A1.2 Energy and power conservation 118
A1.3 Power signs 119
A1.4 Negative resistances and negative C-elements 121
A1.5 Compact units in pneumatics and hot gas 121
A1.6 Multiport-C signs in thermodynamics and Maxwell relations 123
Appendix 2 Control Systems with Bond Graphs 126
Appendix 3 Historical Notes 131
Epilogue 132
Concepts 134
Symbols 140
Index 146