Measurements, Modelling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 9
Introduction to Measuring Systems 11
Sensor 13
Transducer 13
Matching Circuit 13
Anti-aliasing Filter 13
Multiplexers/Demultiplexers 16
Sample-and-Hold Circuit 18
Analogue-to-Digital Conversion 20
A/D Converter with Parallel Comparison 20
A/D Converter with Successive Approximation 22
Integrating A/D Converters 27
Sigma Delta A/D Converter 32
Input Register 34
Digital-to-Analogue Conversion 35
Reconstruction Filter 36
DSP 37
Control System 38
References 38
Sensors 39
Strain Gauge Sensors 39
Temperature Compensation 41
Lead Wires Effect 43
Force Measurement 44
Torque Measurement 45
Pressure Measurement 45
Capacitive Sensors 48
Inductive Sensors 50
Temperature Sensors 55
Vibration Sensors 61
Accelerometer 61
Vibrometer 64
Piezoelectric Sensors 66
Binary-Coded Sensors 69
References 72
Methods of Noise Reduction 73
Weighted Mean Method 73
Windows 75
Effect of Averaging Process on Signal Distortion 77
Efficiency Analysis of Noise Reduction by Means of Filtering 82
Kalman Filter 88
References 92
Model Development 93
Lagrange Polynomials 94
Tchebychev Polynomials 96
Legendre Polynomials 100
Hermite Polynomials 103
Cubic Splines 105
The Least-Squares Approximation 111
Relations between Coefficients of the Models 112
Standard Nets 115
Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm 121
Implementing Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm Using LabVIEW 123
Black-Box Identification 125
Implementing Black-Box Identification Using MATLAB 127
Monte Carlo Method 133
References 134
Mapping Error 137
General Assumption 137
Signals Maximizing the Integral Square Error 138
Existence and Availability of Signals with Two Constraints 138
Signals with Constraint on Magnitude 140
Algorithm for Determining Signals Maximizing the Integral Square Error 141
Signals with Two Constraints 144
Estimation of the Maximum Value of Integral Square Error 149
Signals Maximizing the Absolute Value of Error 150
Signals with Constraint on Magnitude 150
Shape of Signals with Two Constraints 150
Constraints of Signals 158
References 159
Index 161