Analog Electronics with LabVIEW

KENNETH L. ASHLEY has been a faculty member at the Department of Electrical Engineering at Southern Methodist University since 1963 and is actively engaged in developing the undergraduate electronics curriculum with particular emphasis on using computers for electronic-circuit data acquisition. Ashley has recently been involved in the modeling of MOSFET transistors, especially for operation at high frequencies. He holds a Ph.D. from Carnegie-Mellon University and is a member of ASEE, IEEE, and Sigma Xi.

Preface.


References.


Hardware and Software Requirements.


LabVIEW VI Libraries and Project and Problem Folders and Files.


1. Elementary Circuit Analysis for Analog Electronics.


Resistor Voltage Divider and the MOSFET DC Gate Voltage. Output Circuit and DC Drain Voltage. Frequency Response of the Amplifier Stage. Summary of Equations. Exercises and Projects.



2. Transistors and Voltage Amplification.


BJT and MOSFET Schematic Symbols, Terminal Voltages, and Branch Currents. Fundamentals of Signal Amplification: The Linear Circuit. Basic NMOS Common-Source Amplifier. Transistor Output Resistance and Limiting Gain. Summary of Equations. Exercises and Projects. References to the Electronic Book Sequence.



3. Characterization of MOS Transistors for Circuit Simulation.


Physical Description of the MOSFET. Output and Transfer Characteristics of the MOSFET. Body Effect and Threshold Voltage. Derivation of the Linear-Region Current-Voltage Relation. Summary of Equations. Exercises and Projects.



4. Signal Conductance Parameters for Circuit Simulation.


Amplifier Circuit and Signal Equivalent Circuits. Transistor Variable Incremental Relationships. Transconductance Parameter. Body-Effect Transconductance Parameter. Output Conductance Parameter. Graphical Perspective of Output Characteristics and the Load Line. Summary of Equations.



5. Common-Source Amplifier Stage.


DC (Bias) Circuit. Amplifier Voltage Gain. Linearity of the Gain of the Common-Source Amplifier. Current-Source Common-Source Amplifier: Common-Source Amplifier with a Source Resistor. Design of a Basic Common-Source Amplifier. Summary of Equations. Exercises and Projects.



6. Coupling and Bypass Capacitors and Frequency Response.


Grounded-Source Amplifier: Coupling Capacitor. Current-Source Bias Amplifier: Bypass Capacitor. Precision Formulation of the Low-Frequency Gain and Characteristic Frequencies. Load Coupling Capacitor. Summary of Equations. Exercises and Projects.



7. MOSFET Source-Follower Buffer Stage.


DC (Bias) Circuit. Source-Follower Voltage Transfer Relation. Body Effect and Source-Follower Voltage Transfer Relation. Summary of Equations. Exercises and Projects.



8. MOSFET Differential Amplifier Stage.


DC (Bias) Circuit. DC Imbalances. Signal Voltage Gain of the Ideal Differential Amplifier Stage. Effect of the Bias Resistor on Voltage Gain. Differential Voltage Gain. Common-Mode Voltage Gain. Voltage Gains Including Transistor Output Resistance. Body Effect and Voltage Gain. Amplifier Gain with Differential and Common-Mode Inputs. Comparison of Numerical Gain Results. Summary of Equations. Exercises and Projects.



9. MOSFET Current Sources.


Basic Current Source. Current Source with Source Degeneration. Differential Amplifier Balancing Circuit. Summary of Equations.



10. Common-Source Amplifier with Current-Source Load.


DC (Bias) Circuit. Signal Voltage Gain. Summary of Equations. Exercises and Projects.



11. Operational Amplifiers with Resistor Negative Feedback.


Operational Amplifiers with Resistance Feedback. Output Resistance of the Resistor Feedback Amplifier. Operational Amplifier Offset. DC Stabilization with the Feedback Resistor. Frequency Response of the Operational Amplifier and Resistor Feedback Amplifier. Summary of Equations. Exercises and Projects.



12. Operational Amplifier Applications with Capacitors.


Operational Amplifier Integrator. Operational Amplifier Oscillator. Summer of Equations. Exercises and Projects.



13. Cascaded Amplifier Stages.


Combining NMOS and PMOS Circuits in Cascade. Amplifier Gain of Differential Amplifier and Common-Source Stage in Cascade. Stabilization of Signal Gain and Bias Current with a Source Resistor. Common-Source Stage as a Series - Series Feedback Circuit. Shunt - Series Cascade Amplifier. Summary of Equations.



14. Development of a Basic CMOS Operational Amplifier.


Current-Source Bias for the Differential Amplifier Stage. Current-Source Output Resistance and Common-Mode Gain. Current-Source Load for the Common-Source Stage. Current-Source Load for the Differential Stage. Two-Stage Amplifier with Current-Source Biasing. Output Buffer Stage. Output Resistance of the Feedback Amplifier and Effect on Gain from Loading. Output Stage of the TS271 Opamp. Summary of Equations.



Unit A. Communicating with the Circuit Board: LabVIEW Programming and Measurement Exercises.


Basics of Sending and Receiving Circuit Voltages. ADC and the Autoranging Voltmeter. A LabVIEW Oscilloscope and Voltmeter (ac). Measuring the Discrete Characteristics of Sending and Receiving Voltages. Sending and Receiving Waveforms. Summary of Programming Projects.



Unit B. Characterization of the Bipolar Junction Transistor for Circuit Simulation.


Fundamentals of Bipolar Junction Transistor Action. Base-Width Dependence on Junction Voltage. BJT Base, Emitter, and Collector Currents in the Active Mode. Diode-Connected Transistor Circuits for Measuring Base and Collector Current. Output Characteristics of BJT in the Common-Emitter Mode. SPICE Solution for IC versus VCE of the Measurement Circuit. Collector - Emitter Voltage and Collector Current in the Saturation Region. SPICE BJT ÙDC as a Function of Collector Current. Signal or Incremental Common-Emitter Current Gain. Summary of Equations. Exercises and Projects.



Unit C. Common-Emitter Amplifier Stage.


DC (Bias) Analysis. Linear or Signal Model for the BJT. Amplifier Voltage Gain. Accuracy of Transistor Gain Measurements. Effect of Finite Slope of the Transistor Output Characteristic. Selection of Coupling Capacitors. Common-Emitter Amplifier with Active Load. Frequency Response of the NPN - PNP Amplifier Due to the Base Shunt Capacitor. Common-Emitter Stage with Emitter Resistor and the Emitter-Follower Amplifier Stage. Summary of BJT Model Parameter Relations. Summary of Circuit Equations. Exercises and Projects.



Laboratory Projects.


Project 1. Basic Circuit Analysis for Electronic Circuits with Programming Exercises.


Resistor Voltage Divider Measurements. Resistor Voltage Divider with Current Measurement. Resistor Voltage Divider with Resistor Measurement. Resistor Voltage Divider with a Sine-Wave Source Voltage. Frequency Response of a Resistor - Capacitor Circuit.



Project 2. Basic NMOS Common-Source Amplifier with Programming Exercises.


NMOS Common-Source Circuit with Drain Current Measurement. NMOS Common-Source Amplifier with Resistor Gate Bias Circuit. Amplifier with Signal and Gain Measurement.



Project 3. Characterization of the PMOS Transistor for Circuit Simulation.


SPICE Parameters and Pin Diagram. SPICE Equations. PMOS Transistor. Low-Voltage Linear Region of the Output Characteristic. PMOS Parameters from the Transfer Characteristic. PMOS Lambda from the Transfer Characteristic. PMOS Output Characteristic. PMOS Lambda.



Project 4. Characterization of the NMOS Transistor for Circuit Simulation.


SPICE Parameters and Pin Diagram. NMOS Transistor. SPICE Equations. NMOS Parameters from the Transfer Characteristic. NMOS Lambda from the Transfer Characteristic. NMOS Gamma SubVI. NMOS Gamma. NMOS Circuit with Body Effect.



Project 5. PMOS Common-Source Amplifier.


SPICE Equations and Pin Diagram. PMOS Common-Source Amplifier DC Setup. Amplifier Gain at One Bias Current. Amplifier Gain versus Bias Current.



Project 6. PMOS Common-Source Amplifier Stage with Current-Source Biasing.


PMOS Schematic and Pin Diagram. SPICE PMOS and Circuit Equations. PMOS Current-Source Amplifier DC Setup. Amplifier Gain. Amplifier Frequency Response.



Project 7. NMOS Common-Source Amplifier Stage with Source-Resistor Bias.


SPICE Equations and Pin Diagram. NMOS Common-Source Amplifier DC Evaluation. Amplifier Gain at Optimum Bias for Linear Output. Optimum Bias Stability Test. Amplifier Frequency Response.



Project 8. NMOS Source Follower Stage.


SPICE Equations and Pin Diagram. Source-Follower DC Evaluation. Source-Follower Voltage Transfer Relation. Source-Follower Voltage Transfer. Relation with Body Effect.



Project 9. MOSFET Differential Amplifier Stage.


SPICE Equations and Pin Diagram. DC Evaluation of the Single-Power-Supply Differential Amplifier. Determination of the PMOS Parameters. Amplifier Gain Measurement. Transistor Parameters and DC Imbalance. Common-Mode Gain Measurement.



Project 10. The Current Mirror and the Common-Source Amplifier with Current-Source Load.


SPICE Equations and Pin Diagram. Evaluation of the Current-Source Circuit. Evaluation of the Mirror-Current Circuit. Evaluation of the Bias Setup. Measurement of Amplifier Gain versus Drain Current.



Project 11. Operational Amplifier with Resistor Feedback.


SPICE Equations. Bias Circuit Setup. Opamp Offset Voltage. Evaluation of the Bias Balancing Circuit. Evaluation of the Gain and Signal Limits with Scanned Input. Evaluation of the Gain with Sine-Wave and Square-Wave Signals. Determination of the Opamp Frequency Response.



Project 12. Operational Amplifier Integrator and Oscillator.


SPICE Equations. Opamp Integrator. Opamp Oscillator.



Project A. Communicating with the Circuit Board Using the DAQ.


Sending and Receiving Voltages with the Sending and Receiving VIs. Sending and Receiving Voltages from the Front Panel. Plotting Measured Samples. Using the Autoranging Voltmeter. Observing the Oscilloscope Output Graph. Discrete Output Voltage from the DAQ. Discrete Input Voltage from the Circuit Board. Using the Simultaneous Sending/Receiving Functions.



Project B. Characterization of the Bipolar Junction Transistor for Circuit Simulation.


SPICE Parameters and Transistor Diagram. SPICE Equations. Diode Connected Transistor Measurements. Measurement of ÙDC versus the Collector Current. BJT Output Characteristic Measurement. Simulation of Output Characteristic Measurement.



Project C1. NPN Common-Emitter Amplifier.


SPICE Equations and Pin Diagram. DC Circuit Setup and Parameter Determination. Amplifier Gain at One Bias Current. Amplifier Gain versus Bias Current. Gain-Measurement Frequency Response.



Project C2. NPN—PNP Common-Emitter Amplifier with Current-Source Load.


SPICE Equations and Pin Diagram. Measurement of the PNP Parameters. DC Circuit Setup. Measurement of the Amplifier Gain.



Index.