Clinical Phonetics

About our authors Lawrence D. Shriberg, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin, Madison. He is Principal Investigator of the Phonology Project, Communicative and Cognitive Sciences Unit, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Dr. Shriberg's research is centered on genetic and other origins of pediatric speech sound disorders. Goals of the research using a framework termed the Speech Disorders Classification System are to develop behavioral markers that can be used to identify biomarkers and explicate the causal pathways of pediatric speech sound disorders. Recent emphasis has been on children with speech motor delay and children with apraxia of speech. Raymond D. Kent, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Communicative Sciences and Disorders at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He has authored or edited 19 books, including The Acoustic Analysis of Speech (with Charles Read), Reference Manual for Communicative Sciences and Disorders: Handbook of Voice Quality Measurement (with Martin J. Ball), The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders, and The Speech Sciences. He served as editor of the Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, associate founding editor of Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, and associate editor of Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. He currently conducts research on typical and atypical speech development with a clinical focus on children who have cerebral palsy or Down syndrome. Tara McAllister, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Communicative Sciences and Disorders at New York University. She has published more than 30 peer-reviewed articles spanning the disciplines of linguistics and speech-language pathology. Her research aims to understand how articulatory and perceptual factors shape phonological development and disorders. She also directs the Biofeedback Intervention Technology for Speech (BITS) Lab at NYU, which develops and tests tools to provide visual biofeedback for persistent speech sound errors in children. Jonathan L. Preston, PhD, is Associate Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Syracuse University. He has coauthored more than 35 peer-reviewed publications, primarily focusing on phonetic, phonological, and neurobiological characteristics of children with speech sound disorders. In his current position, he teaches course-work on speech sound disorders, and he conducts research on assessment and treatment of speech sound disorders, including childhood apraxia of speech.

About the Authors
Preface

Chapter 1 Overview of Clinical Phonetics

Welcome
Clinical Phonetics

The Knowledge Domain of Clinical Phonetics
The Skill-Based Domain of Clinical Phonetics
Conclusion


Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 2 Linguistic Phonetics

Language, Speech, and Dialect
The Morpheme
The Phoneme
Spelling versus Phonetic Transcription
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Phonemes and Allophones
Phonetics and Phonology
The Syllable
Positional and Contextual Terminology for Phonetic Descriptions
Conclusion
Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 3 The Three Systems of Speech Production

The Respiratory System
The Laryngeal System
The Supralaryngeal System

Velopharynx: Velum and Pharyngeal Walls
Jaw
Tongue
Lips


Technologies for the Study of Phonetics

X-ray Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Electromagnetic Articulography
Ultrasound
Electropalatography
Fiberoptic Endoscopy
Aerodynamic Analysis
Acoustic Analysis


Conclusion
Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 4 Vowels: Monophthongs and Diphthongs

Vowel Articulation

Tongue Height
Tongue Advancement (the Front–Back Dimension of Tongue Position)
Tenseness or Length
Lip Configuration
Vowel Description: Tongue Height, Tongue Advancement, Tenseness, and Lip Rounding


The Front Vowels

Vowel /i/ (He)
Vowel /8/ (Hid)
Vowel /3/ (Chaotic—First Syllable)
Vowel /2/ (Head)
Vowel /q/ (Had)


The Back Vowels

Vowel /u/ (Who)
Vowel /7/ (Hook)
Vowel /o/ (Hoe)
Vowel /9/ (Hall)
Vowel /e/ (Hot)


The Central Vowels

Vowel /4/ (Hub)
Vowel /1/ (Above, Sometimes Called Schwa)
Vowel /6/ (Her)
Vowel /5/ (Mother, Sometimes Called Schwar)


Diphthong Articulation

Diphthong /e]/ (Bye)
Diphthong /9]/ (Boy)
Diphthong /e[/ (Bough)
Diphthong /3]/ (Bay)
Diphthong /o[/ (Bow)


R-colored Vowels

R-colored Vowel /e r/ (Far)
R-colored Vowel /9 r/ (Four)
R-colored Vowel /8 r/ (Fear)
R-colored Vowel /2 r/ (Fair)


Special Notes on the Phonetic Properties of Vowels

Some Cautions about Vowel Terminology
Tongue and Jaw Interaction
Lip and Jaw Interaction


Some Common Articulatory Modifications of English Vowels

Nasalization
Reduction
Other Modifications


Allographs of English Vowels
Frequency of Occurrence for English Vowels
Vowels around the World
The Acoustic Properties of Vowels

The Vocal Tract as a Resonator
Primary Acoustic Properties of Vowels


Conclusion
Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 5 Consonants

Manner of Articulation

Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
Nasals
Liquids
Glides


Place of Articulation

Bilabials
Labiodentals
Interdentals (or Dentals)
Alveolars
Palatals
Velars
Glottals


The Voicing Contrast
Summary of Manner, Place, and Voicing

Manner of Articulation
Place of Articulation and Voicing


Allographs of the Consonant Phonemes of English
Frequency of Occurrence and Place of Articulation
Summary Classification of Consonants
Consonant Acoustics

Acoustic Features of Consonant Classes
Sounds in Sequence


Conclusion
Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 6 Suprasegmentals and Prosody

The Units of Prosody

Syllables


The Prosodic Foot

The Intonational Phrase
Intonation


Stress

Lexical Stress
Stress beyond the Word Level


Timing

Tempo
Pause (Juncture)
Boundary or Edge Effects


Timing, Juncture, and Intonation Symbols

Lengthened [s iQ]
Shortened [w i W]
Close Juncture [e] d 8 d 8 t]
Open Juncture [1 n e] s + m q n] versus [1 n + e] s m q n]
Internal Open Juncture [l 2 t s h 2 l p R j 3] n]
Falling Terminal Juncture [t 7 d 3] T]
Rising Terminal Juncture [t 7 d 3] Y]
Checked or Held Juncture [t 7 d 3] U]
Selected Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet


Paralinguistics
Examples of Prosodic Variations

Motherese
Clear Speech
Other Prosodic Variations


Role of Prosody in Typical and Atypical Development of Speech and Language
Clinical Assessment of Suprasegmentals

Prosody Profile (PROP)
Prosody-Voice Screening Profile (PVSP)


Profiling Elements of Prosodic Systems—Child Version (PEPS-C)
Conclusion
Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 7 Narrow Transcription

Coarticulation
Uses of Narrow Transcription
Conventions for Diacritic Marks in This Text
Onglide and Offglide Symbols
Nasal Symbols

Nasalized [b q! d]
Nasal Emission [s@ m e] l]
Denasalized [r q# n]


Lip Symbols

Rounded (or Protruded) Vowel [s w i$ t]
Unrounded (or Unprotruded) Vowel [h u% ]
Labialized Consonant [k^ w i n]
Nonlabialized Consonant [w& i d]
Inverted Lip [b* i n]


Tongue Symbols

Dentalized [w 8 dI ']
Palatalized [sO i l]
Lateralized [sP l i p]
Retroflex (or Rhotacized) [h e r c{ 5]
Velarized [f i l}]
Fronted or Advanced [p e E t]
Retracted [b qA t]
Raised [b 2F d]
Lowered [h 2G d]
Derhotacized [rK 2 d]


Sound Source Symbols

Partially Voiced [q b sL 1 n t]
Partially Devoiced [d 9 g:]
Glottalized (or Creaky Voice) [b e" k s]
Breathy (or Murmured) [p l 3Z] 8 a]
Whistled (or Hissed) [sC i]
Trilled [th rV e]]


Syllabic Symbol
Stop Release Symbols

Aspirated [t( e p]
Unaspirated [s t) e p]
Unreleased [l q p_]
Frictionalized (or Spirantized) [s tX e p]


Other Symbols

Synchronic Tie [d+z u]
Unintelligible Syllable [/]
Questionable Segment e| or =|


Conclusion
Chapter Summary Exercises

Chapter 8 Practicing Broad and Narrow Phonetic Transcription of Children’s Speech

Part A: Transcription of Vowel Sound Changes

Background Information
Training Modules

Vowels Module 1: Vowel Substitutions
Vowels Module 2: Vowel Modifications
Vowels Module 3: Central Vowels


Vowels Module 4: Vowel Substitutions, Modifications, and Central Vowels
Vowels Module 5: Vowel Additions
Vowels Module 6: Vowel Lengthening
Vowels Module 7: Vowel Nasalization
Vowels Module 8: Summary Quiz


Part B: Transcription of Stop Sound Changes

Background Information

Description of Stops


Training Modules

Stops Module 1: Stop Substitutions
Stops Module 2: Voicing of Voiceless Stops
Stops Module 3: Devoicing of Voiced Stops
Stops Module 4: Glottal Stop Substitutions
Stops Module 5: Stop Deletions
Stops Module 6: Frictionalized Stops
Stops Module 7: Summary Quiz




Part C: Transcription of Nasal Sound Changes

Background Information

Description and Distribution of Nasals


Training Modules

Nasals Module 1: Nasal Deletions
Nasals Module 2: Summary Quiz




Part D: Transcription of Fricative and Affricate Sound Changes

Background Information

Description of Fricatives
Distribution and Frequency of Occurrence of Fricatives


Training Modules

Overview
Fricatives and Affricates Module 1: /f/ and /v/ Changes
Fricatives and Affricates Module 2: /h/ Deletions
Fricatives and Affricates Module 3: Voiceless and Voiced Interdental Changes
Fricatives and Affricates Module 4: Fricative and Affricate Voicing Changes
Fricatives and Affricates Module 5: Fricative and Affricate Substitutions
Fricatives and Affricates Module 6: Dentalized Sibilants
Fricatives and Affricates Module 7: Lateralized Sibilants
Fricatives and Affricates Module 8: Retroflexed and Palatalized Sibilants
Fricatives and Affricates Module 9: Sibilants Quiz
Fricatives and Affricates Module 10: Summary Quiz




Part E: Transcription of Glide and Liquid Sound Changes

Background Information

Description of Glides and Liquids
Distribution and Frequency


Training Modules

Glides and Liquids Module 1: Glide Changes
Glides and Liquids Module 2: /l/ Substitutions
Glides and Liquids Module 3: Velarized /l/
Glides and Liquids Module 4: Derhotacized /r/, /6/, /5/
Glides and Liquids Module 5: /r/ Quiz
Glides and Liquids Module 6: Velarized /r/
Glides and Liquids Module 7: Summary Quiz


Grand Quiz



Chapter 9 Preparing to Collect and Transcribe Clinical Speech Samples

Eliciting and Recording Speech Samples

Eliciting the Sample
The Recording Environment
Recording Equipment


Factors that Influence Scoring and Transcription

Client Factors
Task Factors


Approaches to Clinical Transcription and Scoring

Transcription and Scoring Systems
What Level of Detail Should Be Represented?


The Process of Scoring or Transcription

Should I Use Video Recording?
Should I Use Headphones?
Should I Preview the Recording?
What if I’m Not Sure What I’m Hearing?
How Many Times Should I Listen?
What Are Some Strategies for Difficult Words?
Some Final Suggestions


Conclusion

Chapter 10 Phonetics in the Clinical Setting

Single-Word Tests of Articulation and Phonology
Transcribing Nonwords
Two-Way Scoring and Deep Testing
Two-Way Scoring in Larger Speech Samples

Scoring /s/ in Continuous Speech
Scoring Rhotics in Continuous Speech


Transcription in Larger Speech Samples

Transcribing Imitated Phrases
Transcribing Read Sentences
Transcribing All Sounds in Continuous Speech


Transcribing Children with Motor Speech Disorders
Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Single Words

Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Words in Phrases
Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Sentences
Motor Speech Disorders: Conversational Speech


Conclusion

Chapter 11 Phonetic Variation

Part A: Phonetic Aspects of Dialect Variation

What is Phonetic Variation?
Dialect as a Source of Phonetic Variation

Studying Dialect
Is There a Standard Dialect?
Why Do Dialects Differ?
Difference versus Disorder




Part B: Regional Dialects of American English

Southern Dialect Region

Location
Major Features


Western Dialect Region

Location
Major Features


Midlands Dialect Region

Location
Major Feature


Northern Dialect Regions

Location
Major Features


Dialects of the Northeastern United States

Location
Major Features


Practice Discriminating Regional Variation in Vowels
Regional Variation in Consonants
International Englishes


Part C: Beyond Regional Dialects

African American English

Origins of AAE
Features of AAE


L1-Influenced English

Working with Speakers from Unfamiliar Language Backgrounds
Spanish-Influenced English
Features of Spanish-Influenced English


Conclusion
Further Reading
Other Resources





Transcription Exercises

APPENDICDES

Phonetics Symbols and Terms
Distributional, Structural, and Proportional Occurrence Data for American English Sounds, Syllables, and Words

Glossary Answers to Exercises References Index