Recent Advances in Sensing Technology (eBook)

Title Page 2
Guest Editorial 5
Contents 8
Part 1: Magnetic Sensors 8
A GMR Needle Probe to Estimate Magnetic Fluid Weight Density Inside Large Tumors 11
Introduction 11
Analytical Analysis 12
Needle-Type GMR Sensor 15
Measurement Methodology 17
Experimental Results 19
Conclusion 21
References 23
Evaluation of Surface Flaw by Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Using Amorphous MI Sensor and Neural Network 25
Introduction 25
Distribution Functions of MFL 26
Characteristic Quantities Extracted by Ram 29
MFL Measurement of Parallelepiped Flaw 30
Training of NN for Parallelepiped Flaw 32
Evaluation of Unknown Parallelepiped Flaw 33
MFL Calculation of Oblique Flaw by FEM 37
Training of NN for Oblique Flaw 38
Evaluation of Unknown Oblique Flaw 39
Conclusion 42
References 43
Part 2: Ultrasound/Ultrasonic Sensors 8
A Scalable Ultrasonic-Based Localization System Using the Phase Accordance Method 44
Introduction 44
Related Work 45
Ultrasonic Localization Methods 46
The Phase Accordance Method 47
Epoch Detection 48
Integration of TOA and AOA 50
Experiment 51
Prototype System 51
Settings 54
Procedure 55
Tracking a Moving Robot 55
Locating a Static Robot 59
Conclusion and Future Work 62
References 63
VHDL-AMS Modelling of Ultrasound Measurement System in Linear Domain 64
Introduction 64
The Transducer Model 66
Ultrasound Pulse-Echo System 68
VHDL-AMS Behavioural Model of Transducer 69
Linear Propagation Medium Modelling 71
VHDL-AMS Modelling of the Experimental Setup 72
Simulation 74
Transducers Frequency Response 74
Measurement Cell Simulation 75
Experimental Results 78
Conclusion 81
References 81
Application of Laser-Ultrasound to Non-contact Temperature Sensing of Heated Materials 83
Introduction 83
Motivation 84
Principle of Temperature Measurement by Ultrasound 85
Inverse Analysis for Quantitative Determination of Temperature Distribution 86
Experimental 88
Surface Temperature Measurements 90
Internal Temperature Measurements 93
Conclusion 96
References 96
Part 3: Vision/Image Sensors 8
Vision Sensor with an Active Digital Fovea 98
Introduction 98
Foveal Vision 98
Potential Applications 99
Requirements Analysis 100
Related Work 101
Methods of Acquiring Variable Resolution Images 101
Types of Mapping 102
System Architecture 103
Fovea Positioning 104
Bayer Processing 105
Foveal Mappings 105
FPGA Implementation 111
Reverse Mapping 111
Forward Mapping 111
Separable Mapping Implementation 112
Radial Mapping Implementation 114
Discussion and Conclusions 116
References 117
Development of a Real-Time Full-Field Range Imaging System 119
Introduction 119
Time-of-Flight Range Imaging Theory 120
Homodyne Modulation 120
Heterodyne Modulation 121
Hardware Components 122
Camera 122
Image Intensifier 123
Laser Illumination 123
Modulation Signal Generation 123
Control Hardware 124
Processing Hardware 124
User Interfaces 125
Software and Firmware Components 125
Range Processing Firmware 125
Nios II Software 130
PC Software 131
Results and Summary 131
Test Capture of a Dynamic Scene 131
Test Capture of a Static Scene 133
Summary 133
References 134
Development of a Stereo Image Distribution System 136
Introduction 136
Developed Sterervision System 136
Visual Burden and the New Image Capture Method 139
Experiments 144
Conclusion 146
References 147
Part 4: Wireless Sensors and Network 9
From Labs to Real Environments: The Dark Side of WSNs 148
Introduction 148
WSNs Based Applications: A Critical Survey 150
Designing a WSN 151
Hardware 152
Energy Harvesting and Storage 153
Energy Management 154
Deployment 156
Software 156
Simulators 158
Transmission 159
Two Applications: Monitoring the Marine Environment and Forecasting a Rock Collapse 161
Coral Reef Monitoring 161
Rock Collapse Forecasting 165
Conclusions 169
References 169
Part 5: Microfluidic Sensors 9
Loading Analysis of a Remotely Interrogatable Passive Microvalve 174
Introduction 174
SAW Devices for Microfluidic Applications 176
Acoustic Streaming 177
Wireless Microvalve Design 178
Principle of Operation 179
Electroacoustic Correlation 182
Electrostatic Actuation 182
Microchannel Electrostatic Actuation 185
Results 187
Conclusion 191
References 191
Part 6: Tactile Sensors 9
Flexible Piezoelectric Tactile Sensors with Structural Electrodes Array 194
Introduction 194
Simulation 197
Tactile Sensor Design and Fabrication 200
Experimental Setup 201
Experimental Results 202
Output Characteristics of Sensor 202
Sensitivity Enhancement by Structual Electrodes 204
Shape Recognition Results 205
Conclusion 206
References 206
Part 7: Gyro 9
A New Method for Direct Gravity Estimation and Compensation in Gyro-Based and Gyro-Free INS Applications 208
Introduction 208
Accelerometer Output 210
INS Tracking Models 210
Gravity Compensation Models 213
Verification Using Simulation Models 215
Error Analysis of the New Compensation Method 217
Experimental Results 219
Conclusions 223
References 223
Part 8: Flow Sensors 9
Model-Based Phasor Control of a Coriolis Mass Flow Meter (CMFM) for the Detection of Drift in Sensitivity and Zero Point 225
Introduction 225
Statement of the Problem 226
Lumped Parameter Model 227
Interpretation of the Sensor Readings in the Complex Plane 233
Calculating Sensitivity and Zero Point by Analyzing the Coupling Parameters 234
Control Scheme 236
Amplitude Control 236
Phase Control 238
Simulation Results 239
Practical Results 240
Summary 243
References 243
Part 9: Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors 9
Wireless Interrogation of a Micropump and Analysis of Corrugated Micro-diaphragms 245
Introduction 245
Wireless and Low–Power Actuation 246
SAW Devices 246
Theoretical Analysis of Actuation 248
Electrostatic Force Generation 248
Microfluidic Pressure Variation 251
Finite Element Modelling of Diaphragms 252
Model Preparation for Analysis 252
Boundary Conditions 253
Effective Mesh Generation 253
Material Selection for the Device 254
Simulations and Results Analysis 255
Effect of Mesh Density on Accuracy 255
Performance Analysis for Different Corrugation Profiles 257
Conclusion 258
References 258
Part 10: Humidity Sensors 10
Synthesis of Aligned ZnO Nanorods with Different Parameters and Their Effects on Humidity Sensing 261
Introduction 261
Experimental 262
Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods 262
Sensor Structure and Measurement Setup 263
Characterization of the ZnO Nanorods 264
Humidity Sensing Results and Discussions 266
Conclusions 272
References 272
Part 11: Ultra-Wide Band Sensors 10
Ultra-Wideband Radars for Through-Wall Imaging in Robotics 274
Introduction 274
Background 275
Through-Wall Sensing 275
UWB 276
Inverse Scattering Reconstruction Using Tomography 279
Methodology 280
Conclusions 283
References 284
Part 12: Gas Sensors 10
Electrical and Gas Sensing Perfomanance of Coppergermanate 286
Introduction 286
Preparation of the Sensor Material 287
Static Gas Sensing Unit 287
Characterization 288
Structural Properties 288
Microstructural Analysis 289
FTIR Spectra 290
Electrical Properties 290
Gas Sensing Performance 291
Selectivity of CuGeO_{3} Film 291
Response and Recovery Time 292
Discussion 292
Summary 293
References 293
Studies on Gas Sensing Performance of Pure and Nano- Ag Doped ZnO Thick Film Resistors 295
Introduction 295
Operating Principle of Gas Sensor 296
Experimental 297
Preparation of Pure and Modified ZnO Thick Films 297
Details of Gas Sensing Unit 297
Characterizations 297
Structural Analysis 297
Micro Structural Analysis 298
Electrical Properties 299
Gas Sensing Performances 300
Gas Sensing Performance of Pure ZnO Film 300
Gas Sensing Performance of Modified ZnO Films 301
Effect of Dipping Time and the Amount of Nano Ag 302
Discussions 303
Pure ZnO as CO Gas Sensor 303
Modified ZnO as H_{2}S Gas Sensor 305
Summary 307
References 308
Part 13: MEMS Thermal Sensors 10
Micro Temperature Sensors and Their Applications to MEMS Thermal Sensors 310
Introduction 310
Principle of Newly Developed Temperature Sensors 311
Transistor-Thermistor and Diode-Thermistor 311
Diode Temperature Sensor Proportional to the Absolute Temperature 313
Principle of the Short Circuit Seebeck-Current Measurement Type Thermocouple 316
Applications of the Short Circuit Seebeck- Current Measurement Type Thermocouple 319
Micro-Air-Bridge (MAB) Type IR Sensor Composed of a Single Thermocouple 319
New Type Thin Film Vacuum Sensor 321
Conclusion 326
References 327
Author Index 328