Biofuels (eBook)

Series Editor 6
Volume Editor 6
Editorial Board 6
Honorary Editors 7
Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology Also Available Electronically 8
Attention all Users of the “ Springer Handbook of Enzymes” 9
Preface 10
Contents 11
Fueling Industrial Biotechnology Growth with Bioethanol 13
1 Introduction 14
2 Market Drivers 20
3 Industrial Systems Biology: X-omics 27
4 Future Perspectives and Outlook 46
References 47
Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials for Efficient Bioethanol Production 53
1 Introduction 54
2 Assessment of Pretreatment 56
3 Pretreatment Methods 59
4 Results from Pretreatment Studies 63
5 Conclusions 74
References 74
Substrate Pretreatment: The Key to Effective Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosics? 78
1 Background 79
2 Substrate Characteristics of Steam-PretreatedWood 84
3 Substrate Lignin 86
4 Substrate Hemicelluloses 91
5 Physical Properties Affecting the Hydrolysis of Substrates by Cellulases 95
6 Conclusions 99
References 101
Progress and Challenges in Enzyme Development for Biomass Utilization 105
1 Introduction 106
2 Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Overview 107
3 Impact of Process Steps on Enzyme Dosage and Cost 110
4 Enzyme Discovery: Catalytic Efficiency and Productivity 116
5 Producing Enzymes Economically 125
6 Conclusions 128
References 128
Thermostable Enzymes in Lignocellulose Hydrolysis 131
1 Introduction 132
2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose 132
3 Thermostable Cellulases 133
4 Process Concepts 137
5 Evaluation of Novel Thermophilic Enzymes Materials and Methods
6 Composition of the Thermophilic Enzyme Mixtures 141
7 Performance of Commercial Fungal Preparations at Elevated Temperatures 142
8 Evaluation of New Thermostable Enzyme Mixtures 143
9 Performance of the Thermostable Enzymes at Lower Temperatures 147
10 Discussion 148
References 151
Metabolic Engineering for Pentose Utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 156
1 Introduction 157
2 Xylose 158
3 Arabinose 169
4 Improving Ethanolic Fermentation by Pentose-Utilizing S. cerevisiae 171
5 Industrial Pentose-Fermenting Strains 179
6 Conclusion and Future Outlook 181
References 182
Development of Efficient Xylose Fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Xylose Isomerase as a Key Component 187
1 Introduction 188
2 Xylose Isomerase: Properties and Occurrence 194
3 Expression of Xylose Isomerases in S. cerevisiae: a Long and Winding Road 195
4 Characterisation of Yeast Strains with High- Level Functional Expression of a Fungal Xylose Isomerase 198
5 Metabolic Engineering for Improved Xylose-Isomerase Based D-Xylose Utilisation 200
6 Evolutionary Engineering for Improved Xylose-Isomerase-Based D-Xylose Utilisation 202
7 Towards Industrial Application: Fermentation Trials with Xylose-Isomerase-Expressing S. cerevisiae 206
8 Outlook 209
References 210
Consolidated Bioprocessing for Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 213
1 Introduction 214
2 Baker’s Yeast (S. cerevisiae) as a CBP Host 216
3 Engineering S. cerevisiae for Sugar Fermentation 218
4 Expression of Cellulases in S. cerevisiae 219
5 Expression of Hemicellulases in S. cerevisiae 226
6 Selection for the Development of Superior CBP Yeasts 232
7 Integration of Different Enzymatic Activities into a Single CBP Yeast and Transfer to Industrial Strains 236
References 238
Development of Ethanologenic Bacteria 244
1 Introduction 245
2 Engineering and Performance of Ethanologenic E. coli 247
3 Metabolic and Transcriptomic Changes Accompanying Ethanologenicity 254
4 Challenges for Ethanol Production 255
5 Application of Ethanol Design Scheme to Other Commodity Products 259
6 Summary 263
References 264
Zymomonas mobilis for Fuel Ethanol and Higher Value Products 269
1 Introduction 270
2 Development of Recombinant Strains of Z. Mobilis 271
3 Genome Sequence of Z. Mobilis 284
4 Applications for Higher Value Products 284
5 Discussion and Conclusions 289
References 292
Coproduction of Bioethanol with Other Biofuels 295
1 Introduction 296
2 Hydrogen Production 297
3 Methane Production 297
4 Production of Biofuels Using the Maxifuel Concept 298
5 Conclusion 307
References 307
Process Engineering Economics of Bioethanol Production 309
1 Introduction 310
2 Flowsheeting 315
3 Process Economics 317
4 Conclusions 331
References 332
Policy Options to Support Biofuel Production 334
1 Introduction 335
2 Biofuel Production 336
3 Direct Funding Programs in the USA 348
4 Excise Tax Exemptions in the USA 352
5 Political Goals and Bioethanol-Related Policy 355
6 Conclusions 356
References 359
Author Index Volumes 101–108 363
Subject Index 369