Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Related Technolog ies

Ying (Alice) Wu is currently the President of Sphere Technology Connection Ltd. (STC) in Calgary, Canada. From 1983 to 1999 she was an Assistant Professor and Researcher at Southwest Petroleum Institute (now Southwest Petroleum University, SWPU) in Sichuan, China. She received her MSc in Petroleum Engineering from the SWPU and her BSc in Petroleum Engineering from Daqing Petroleum University in Heilongjiang, China. John J. Carroll, PhD, PEng is the Director, Geostorage Process Engineering for Gas Liquids Engineering, Ltd. in Calgary, Canada. Dr. Carroll holds bachelor and doctoral degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and is a registered professional engineer in the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick in Canada. His fist book, Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers, is now in its second edition, and he is the author or co-author of 50 technical publications and about 40 technical presentations.

Introduction The Three Sisters - CCS, AGI, and EOR xix Ying Wu, John J. Carroll and Zhimin Du Section 1: Data and Correlation 1. Prediction of Acid Gas Dew Points in the Presence of Water and Volatile Organic Compounds 3 Ray. A. Tomcej 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Previous Studies 4 1.3 Thermodynamic Model 5 1.4 Calculation Results 6 1.5 Discussion 10 2. Phase Behavior of China Reservoir Oil at Different C02 Injected Concentrations 13 Fengguang Li, Xin Yang, Changyu Sun, and Guangjin Chen 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Preparation of Reservoir Fluid 14 2.3 PVT Phase Behavior for the C02 Injected Crude Oil 15 2.4 Viscosity of the C02 Injected Crude Oil 17 2.5 Interfacial Tension for C02 Injected Crude Oil/Strata Water 19 2.6 Conclusions 20 3. Viscosity and Density Measurements for Sour Gas Fluids at High Temperatures and Pressures 23 B.R. Giri, P. Biais and R.A. Marriott 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 Experimental 25 3.3 Results 31 3.4 Conclusions 37 4. Acid Gas Viscosity Modeling with the Expanded Fluid Viscosity Correlation 41 H. Motahhari, M.A. Satyro, H.W. Yarranton 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Expanded Fluid Viscosity Correlation 42 4.3 Results and Discussion 47 4.4 Conclusions 52 4.5 Acknowledgements 52 5. Evaluation and Improvement of Sour Property Packages in Unisim Design 55 Jianyong Yang, Ensheng Zhao, Laurie Wang, and Sanjoy Saha 5.1 Introduction 55 5.2 Model Description 56 5.3 Phase Equilibrium Calculation 58 5.4 Conclusions 62 5.5 Future Work 62 6. Compressibility Factor of High C02-Content Natural Gases: Measurement and Correlation 65 Xiaoqiang Bian, Zhimin Du, Yong Tang, and Jianfen Du 6.1 Introduction 65 6.2 Experiment 67 6.3 Methods 68 6.5 Comparison of the Proposed Method and Other Methods 78 6.6 Conclusions 83 6.7 Acknowledgements 84 6.8 Nomenclature 84 Section 2: Process Engineering 7. Analysis of Acid Gas Injection Variables 89 Edward Wiehert and James van der Lee 7.1 Introduction 89 7.2 Discussion 90 7.3 Program Design 93 7.4 Results 94 7.5 Discussion of Results 96 7.6 Conclusion 105 8. Glycol Dehydration as a Mass Transfer Rate Process 107 Nathan A. Hatcher, Jaime L. Nava and Ralph H. Weiland 8.1 Phase Equilibrium 108 8.2 Process Simulation 110 8.3 Dehydration Column Performance 111 8.4 Stahl Columns and Stripping Gas 114 8.5 Interesting Observations from a Mass Transfer Rate Model 115 8.6 Factors That Affect Dehydration of Sweet Gases 118 8.7 Dehydration of Acid Gases 119 8.8 Conclusions 119 9. Carbon Capture Using Amine-Based Technology 121 Ben Spooner and David Engel 9.1 Amine Applications 121 9.2 Amine Technology 122 9.3 Reaction Chemistry 124 9.4 Types of Amine 126 9.5 Challenges of Carbon Capture 128 9.6 Conclusion 131 10. Dehydration-through-Compression (DTC): Is It Adequate? A Tale of Three Gases 133 Wes H. Wright 10.1 Background 133 10.2 Water Saturation 138 10.3 Is It Adequate? 138 10.4 The Gases 141 10.5 Results 147 10.6 Discussion 151 11. Diaphragm Pumps Improve Efficiency of Compressing Acid Gas and C02 155 Josef Jarosch, Anke-Dorothee Braun 11.1 Diaphragm Pumps 162 11.2 Acid Gas Compression 164 11.3 C02 Compression for Sequestration 167 11.4 Conclusion 171 Section 3: Reservoir Engineering 12. Acid Gas Injection in the Permian and San Juan Basins: Recent Case Studies from New Mexico 175 David T. Lescinsky; Alberto A. Gutierrez, RG; James C. Hunter, RG; Julie W. Gutierrez; and Russell E. Bentley 12.1 Background 175 12.2 AGI Project Planning and Implementation 178 12.3 AGI Projects in New Mexico 190 12.4 AGI and the Potential for Carbon Credits 204 12.5 Conclusions 207 13. C02 and Acid Gas Storage in Geological Formations as Gas Hydrate 209 Farhad Qanbari, Olga Ye Zatsepina, S. Hamed Tabatabaie, Mehran Pooladi-Darvish 13.1 Introduction 210 13.2 Geological Settings 211 13.3 Model Parameters 216 13.4 Results 218 13.5 Discussion 221 13.6 Conclusions 223 13.7 Acknowledgment 224 14. Complex Flow Mathematical Model of Gas Pool with Sulfur Deposition 227 W. Zhu, Y. Long, Q. Liu, Y. Ju, and X. Huang 14.1 Introduction 227 14.2 The Mathematical Model of Multiphase Complex Flow 228 14.3 Mathematical Models of Flow Mechanisms 232 14.4 Solution of the Mathematical Model Equations 238 14.5 Example 240 14.6 Conclusions 242 14.7 Acknowledgement 242 Section 4: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 15. Enhanced Oil Recovery Project: Dunvegan C Pool 247 Darryl Burns 15.1 Introduction 248 15.2 Pool Data Collection 249 15.3 Pool Event Log 252 15.4 Reservoir Fluid Characterization 255 15.5 Material Balance 263 15.6 Geological Model 264 15.7 Geological Uncertainty 269 15.8 History Match 272 15.9 Black Oil to Compositional Model Conversion 282 15.10 Recovery Alternatives 290 15.11 Economics 307 15.12 Economic Uncertainty 312 15.13 Discussion and Learning 312 15.14 End Note 317 16. C02 Flooding as an EOR Method for Low Permeability Reservoirs 319 Yongle Hu, Yunpeng Hu, Qin Li, Lei Huang, Mingqiang Hao, and Siyu Yang 16.1 Introduction 319 16.2 Field Experiment of C02 Flooding in China 320 16.3 Mechanism of C02 Flooding Displacement 321 16.4 Perspective 324 16.5 Conclusion 326 17. Pilot Test Research on C02 Drive in Very Low Permeability Oil Field of in Daqing Changyuan 329 Weiyao Zhu, Jiecheng Cheng, Xiaohe Huang, Yunqian Long, and Y. Lou 17.1 Introduction 329 17.2 Laboratory Test Study on C02 Flooding in Oil Reservoirs with Very Low Permeability 330 17.3 Field Testing Research 333 17.4 Conclusion 346 17.5 Acknowledgement 349 18. Operation Control of C02-Driving in Field Site. Site Test in Wellblock Shu 101, Yushulin Oil Field, Daqing 351 Xinde Wan, Tao Sun, Yingzhi Zhang, Tiejun Yang, and Changhe Mu 18.1 Test Area Description 352 18.2 Test Effect and Cognition 353 18.3 Conclusions 359 19. Application of Heteropolysaccharide in Acid Gas Injection 361 Jie Zhang, Gang Guo and Shugang Li 19.1 Introduction 361 19.2 Application of Heteropolysaccharide in C02 Reinjection Miscible Phase Recovery 363 19.3 Application of Heteropolysaccharide in H2S Reinjection formation 370 19.4 Conclusions 373 Section 5: Geology and Geochemistry 20. Impact of S02 and NO on Carbonated Rocks Submitted to a Geological Storage of C02: An Experimental Study 377 Stephane Renard, Jerome Sterpenich, Jacques Pironon, Aurelien Randi, Pierre Chiquet and Marc Lescanne 20.1 Introduction 377 20.2 Apparatus and Methods 378 20.3 Results and Discussion 381 20.4 Conclusion 391 21. Geochemical Modeling of Huff 'N' Puff Oil Recovery With C02 at the Northwest Mcgregor Oil Field 393 Yevhen I. Holubnyak, Blaise A.F. Mibeck, Jordan M. Bremer, Steven A. Smith, James A. Sorensen, Charles D. Gorecki, Edward N. Steadman, and John A. Harju 21.1 Introduction 393 21.2 Northwest McGregor Location and Geological Setting 395 21.3 The Northwest McGregor Field, E. Goetz #1 Well Operational History 395 21.4 Reservoir Mineralogy 397 21.5 Preinjection and Postinjection Reservoir Fluid Analysis 398 21.6 Major Observations and the Analysis of the Reservoir Fluid Sampling 400 21.7 Laboratory Experimentations 401 21.8 2-D Reservoir Geochemical Modeling with GEM 402 21.9 Summary and Conclusions 403 21.10 Acknowledgments 404 21.11 Disclaimer 404 22. Comparison of C02 and Acid Gas Interactions with reservoir fluid and Rocks at Williston Basin Conditions 407 Yevhen I. Holubnyak, Steven B. Hawthorne, Blaise A. Mibeck, David J. Miller, Jordan M. Bremer, Steven A. Smith, James A. Sorensen, Edward N. Steadman, and John A. Harju 22.1 Introduction 407 22.2 Rock Unit Selection 409 22.3 C02 Chamber Experiments 411 22.4 Mineralogical Analysis 412 22.5 Numerical Modeling 413 22.6 Results 413 22.7 Carbonate Minerals Dissolution 414 22.8 Mobilization of Fe 416 22.9 Summary and Suggestions for Future Developments 418 22.10 Acknowledgments 418 22.11 Disclaimer 418 Section 6: Well Technology 23 Well Cement Aging in Various H2S-C02 Flui( is at High Pressure and High Temperature: Experiments and Modelling 423 Nicolas Jacquemet, Jacques Pironon, Vincent Lagneau, Jeremie Saint-Marc 23.1 Introduction 424 23.2 Experimental equipment 425 23.3 Materials, Experimental Conditions and Analysis 426 23.4 Results and Discussion 428 23.5 Reactive Transport Modelling 430 23.6 Conclusion 432 24. Casing Selection and Correlation Technology for Ultra-Deep, Ultra- High Pressure, High H2S Gas Wells 437 Yongxing Sun, Yuanhua Lin, Taihe Shi, Zhongsheng Wang, Dajiang Zhu, Liping Chen, Sujun Liu, and Dezhi Zeng 24.1 Introduction 438 24.2 Material Selection Recommended Practice 438 24.3 Casing Selection and Correlation Technology 441 24.4 Field Applications 443 24.4 Conclusions 445 24.5 Acknowledgments 447 25. Coupled Mathematical Model of Gas Migration in Cemented Annulus with Mud Column in Acid Gas Well 449 Hongjun Zhu, Yuanhua Lin, Yongxing Sun, Dezhi Zeng, Zhi Zhang, and Taihe Shi 25.1 Introduction 449 25.2 Coupled Mathematical Model 450 25.3 Illustration 458 25.4 Conclusions 459 25.5 Nomenclature 460 25.6 Acknowledgment 461 Section 7: Corrosion 26. Study on Corrosion Resistance of L245/825 Lined Steel Pipe Welding Gap in H2S+C02 Environment 465 Dezhi Zeng, Yuanhua Lin, Liming Huang, Daijiang Zhu, Tan Gu, Taihe Shi, and Yongxing Sun 26.1 Introduction 466 26.2 Welding Process of Lined Steel Pipe 466 26.3 Corrosion Test Method of Straight and Ring Welding Gaps of L245/825 Lined Steel Pipe 467 26.4 Corrosion Test Results of Straight and Ring Welding Gaps of 1245/825 Lined Steel Pipe 472 26.5 Conclusions 477 26.6 Acknowledgments 477 References 477 Index 479