Bee Products - Chemical and Biological Properties (eBook)

José M. Alvarez-Suarez is a senior research at the Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador. He has extensively studied the quality parameters of honey, especially that from monofloral origin, as well as the relationship between its chemical composition and biological properties.  A distinctive feature of their research is the study of the biochemical mechanisms by which honey activates the mechanisms of antioxidant defense at the cellular level by the activation of the AMPK/Nrf2/ARE signalling pathway, protecting mitochondrial functionality and promoting cell proliferation.

Contents 5
Part I: Honey 7
Chapter 1: Botanical Classification 8
1.1 Melissopalynological Analysis 8
1.1.1 Palynology: A Young Science—Applications 8
1.1.2 The Pollen Grain 9
1.1.3 Pollen Morphology 10
1.1.3.1 Polarity and Symmetry 10
1.1.3.2 Size and Colour 11
1.1.3.3 Shape 12
1.1.3.4 Sporoderm 12
1.1.3.5 Sculpturing 13
1.1.3.6 Apertures 16
1.1.4 Methodology 17
1.1.4.1 Quantitative Analysis 17
1.1.4.2 Qualitative Analysis 18
1.1.4.3 Development of Results Report: Quality Control 20
1.2 Monofloral, Polyfloral and Honeydew Honey 20
1.2.1 Honeydew Honey 22
References 23
Chapter 2: Sensory Studies 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 The Senses 27
2.2.1 Sight 27
2.2.2 Smell 28
2.2.3 Taste 29
2.2.4 Touch 30
2.3 Testing Panel: Tasters 30
2.4 The Tasting Room 32
2.5 The Material 33
2.6 The Honey Tasting Process 34
2.6.1 Phases of the Tasting (Valuation of Each Stage) 35
2.7 Utility of a Honey Sensory Analysis 41
2.8 Attributes of Some Honeys 41
References 44
Chapter 3: Chemical Composition of Honey 46
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Carbohydrates 48
3.3 Proteins, Enzymes and Amino Acids 51
3.4 Organic Acids 58
3.5 Mineral and Trace Elements 59
3.6 Vitamins 63
3.7 Aroma Compounds 64
3.8 Phenolic Compounds 68
References 73
Chapter 4: Honey Health Benefits and Uses in Medicine 86
4.1 Antioxidant Capacity 86
4.2 Antibacterial Activity 89
4.3 Anti-inflammatory Capacity 92
4.4 Wound Healing Activity 93
References 96
Part II: Propolis 100
Chapter 5: Phenolic Composition of Propolis 101
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 Phenolic Compounds 102
5.2.1 Flavonoids 103
5.2.2 Phenolic Acid Derivatives 108
5.2.3 Other Phenolic Compounds 109
References 110
Chapter 6: Propolis and Geopropolis Volatiles 114
6.1 Introduction 114
6.2 Propolis Volatile Fraction 115
6.2.1 Propolis Origin 115
6.2.2 Bee Type 129
6.2.3 Natural Flora 129
6.2.4 Detection of Acaricides and Adulterants 130
6.2.5 Isolation and Analysis of Volatiles 130
6.3 Main Volatile Compounds in Propolis 131
6.3.1 Africa 131
6.3.2 America 133
6.3.3 Asia 133
6.3.4 Europe 133
6.4 Conclusion 134
References 134
Chapter 7: The Chemical and Biological Properties of Propolis 138
7.1 General Overview of Propolis 138
7.2 Propolis in History 139
7.3 The Biological Properties of Propolis 140
7.3.1 The Antioxidant Properties of Propolis 140
7.3.2 The Antimicrobial Activity of Propolis 143
7.3.2.1 Antibacterial Activity of Propolis 144
7.3.2.2 Antiviral Activity of Propolis 147
7.3.2.3 Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Activity of Propolis 151
7.3.2.4 Antifungal Properties of Propolis 156
7.4 Studies of the Protective Effect of Propolis on Bees 157
7.5 Wound Healing Properties of Propolis 157
7.6 Propolis in the Treatment of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease 160
7.7 Anti-cancer Effects of Propolis 163
7.8 Immunomodulatory Effects of Propolis 166
References 169
Part III: Royal Jelly 180
Chapter 8: Chemical Composition of Royal Jelly 181
8.1 Sugar Composition 181
8.2 Protein Content 182
8.3 Content of Free Amino Acids, Lipids, Vitamins, and Bioactive Substances 184
8.4 Lipid Content 186
References 187
Chapter 9: Volatile Compounds of Royal Jelly 191
9.1 Introduction 191
9.2 Volatiles in Royal Jelly 194
References 196
Chapter 10: Royal Jelly: Health Benefits and Uses in Medicine 198
10.1 Introduction 198
10.2 Antibacterial Activity 199
10.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity 201
10.4 Immunomodulatory Effects 204
10.5 Vasodilative and Hypotensive Activities 205
10.6 Antioxidant Activity 206
10.7 Antihypercholesterolemic Activity 208
10.8 Antitumor Activity 210
10.9 Other Physiological Effects 212
10.10 Conclusions 213
References 213
Part IV: Bee Pollen 218
Chapter 11: Chemical Composition of Bee Pollen 219
11.1 Introduction 220
11.2 Vitamin Content 221
11.2.1 Pro-Vitamin A (Carotenoids) 222
11.2.2 B Complex Vitamins 223
11.2.3 Vitamin C 225
11.2.4 Vitamin E 226
11.3 Protein and Amino Acid Content 226
11.4 Lipid and Fatty Acid Content 231
11.5 Phenolic Compounds 234
11.6 Bioelement Content 242
11.6.1 Potassium (K) 242
11.6.2 Sodium (Na) 243
11.6.3 Phosphorus (P) 244
11.6.4 Calcium (Ca) 244
11.6.5 Magnesium (Mg) 245
11.6.6 Iron (Fe) 246
11.6.7 Zinc (Zn) 247
11.6.8 Copper (Cu) 248
11.6.9 Manganese (Mn) 249
11.6.10 Other Bioelements 250
References 250
Chapter 12: Health Benefits and Uses in Medicine of Bee Pollen 258
12.1 Introduction 258
12.2 Antibacterial Activity 259
12.3 Antioxidant Activity 263
12.4 Antitumor Activity 267
References 269
Part V: Honey Bee Venom 274
Chapter 13: Chemical Composition of Bee Venom 275
13.1 Chemical Composition 275
13.1.1 Enzymes 275
13.1.1.1 Phospholipase A2 276
13.1.1.2 Phospholipase B 276
13.1.1.3 Hyaluronidase 276
13.1.1.4 Phosphatase 276
13.1.1.5 ?-Glucosidase 277
13.1.2 Peptides 277
13.1.2.1 Melittin 277
13.1.2.2 Apamin 277
13.1.2.3 Mast Cell Degranulating (MCD) Peptide 278
13.1.2.4 Adolapin 278
13.1.2.5 Tertiapin 278
13.1.2.6 Secapin 279
13.1.2.7 Melittin F 279
13.1.2.8 Cardiopep 279
References 279
Chapter 14: Health Benefits and Uses in Medicine of Bee Venom 282
14.1 Introduction 282
14.2 Uses in Medicine of Bee Venom 284
14.2.1 Parkinson’s Disease 284
14.2.2 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 285
14.2.3 Multiple Sclerosis 285
14.2.4 Cancer 286
14.2.5 Liver Fibrosis 288
14.2.6 Atherosclerosis 289
14.2.7 Skin Disease 291
14.2.8 Learning Deficit 292
14.2.9 Pain 294
14.2.10 Lupus Nephritis 296
References 296