Electrostatic Precipitation (eBook)

Preface 6
Table of Contents 7
World-Wide Review 14
Development of Chinese Electrostatic Precipitator Technology 15
1 INTRODUCTION 15
2 DEVELOPMENT 16
2.1 ESP 16
2.1.1 Lentoid ESP 16
2.1.2 Tubular ESP 16
2.1.3 Cylinder ESP 17
2.1.4 Roof ESP 17
2.1.5 Five-fields ESP 17
2.1.6 High concentration dust removal with ESP 18
2.1.7 Application of ESP in machines and electricity with multimode and double-zone 18
2.1.8 Electromagnetism ESP 18
2.1.9 Steel brush ESP 19
2.1.10 P-FF hybrid precipitator 19
2.2 Power Source Technology 19
2.2.1 High Frequency High Voltage Rectifier 19
2.2.2 Three phases silicon-rectification power source 20
2.2.3 Three phases intermediate frequency DC high voltage power source 20
2.2.4 LC HVDC current power source 21
2.2.5 Development of plasma source 21
2.2.6 High frequency inverse DC (rectangle characteristic) power supply 22
2.3 Associated Equipment and Technology 22
2.3.1 Tailong 95 ceramics 22
2.3.2 SQ series sound wave dust removal 22
3 OUTLOOKS 23
Multi-pollutants Simultaneous Removals from Flue Gas 24
1 INTRODUCTION 24
2 PLASMA MULTI-POLLUTANTS FLUE GAS CLEAN- ING TECHNOLOGY 25
2.1 Plasma Devices 25
2.2 The cRS Multi-pollutants Simultaneous Removal 25
2.3 The CRS System of Ammonia as the Additional Gas 26
2.4 The CRS System of Oxygen as Additional Gas 27
3 SEMI-DRY MULTI-POLLUTANTS FLUE GAS CLEANING TECHNOLOGY 27
3.1 Multi-stage Humidifier 27
3.2 Additive with Multi-components and High Activity 28
3.3 Simultaneous Removal Using Semi-dry Flue Gas Cleaning Technology 28
4 CONCLUSIONS 30
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 30
REFERENCES 30
Some Technical Idea Evolutions Concerned with Electrostatic Precipitators in China 31
1 GAS VELOCITY IN ESP, V 31
2 FIELD HIGHT, H 32
3 DUST CLEANING FROM COLLECTING ELEC- TRODES 32
4 ENERGIZATION CONTROL MODES 33
4.1 Constant Voltage Control (CVC) 33
4.2 Constant Current Control (CCC) 34
4.3 Spark (Rate) Control (SRC) 34
5 SELECTION OF T/R 35
5.1 Sizing of T/R 35
5.2 Importance of Impedance 35
6 THREE PHASE T/R 36
7 ESP FOR CFB BOILER 36
8 ESP FOR ORIMULSION® COMBUSTION 36
8.1 Orimulsion® 36
8.2 Injection of Ammonia 37
8.3 Zhanjiang Power Plant of Guangdong Province 37
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 37
REFERENCES 38
Enhancement of Collection Efficiencies of Electrostatic Precipitators: Indian Experiments 39
1 INTRODUCTION 39
2 THERMAL POWER PLANTS AND POLLUTION CONTROLS IN INDIA 40
3 STATUS OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS IN INDIA 40
4 INVESTIGATIONS 43
4.1 Particulate Reduction Using Intermittent Charging 43
4.2 Experiments Related with Sodium Conditioning 44
4.3 Water Fogging Experiments 45
4.4 Efficiency Improvement using Ammonia Dosing 45
5 CONCLUSIONS 46
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 46
REFERENCES 46
Fundamentals and Mechanical Design 47
Modeling Mercury Capture within ESPs: Continuing Development and Validation 48
1 INTRODUCTION 48
2 METHODOLOGY 49
3 RESULTS 50
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 54
REFERENCES 54
Reduction of Rapping Losses to Improve ESP Performance 56
1 INTRODUCTION 56
2 SYSTEM DESIGN 57
3 GAS DISTRIBUTION MODELING 58
4 LABORATORY TESTING 58
5 FIELD DEMONSTRATIONS 59
6 SYSTEM INSPECTION AND EVALUATION 60
7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 60
REFERENCES 60
Advanced Risk Analysis for the Application of ESP-s to Clean Flammable Gas-pollutant Mixtures 61
1 INTRODUCTION 61
2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 61
3 APPLICATION OF FAULT TREE ANALYSIS FOR ESP-S 62
4 DECISION MAKING BASED ON THE FUZZY FAULT TREE ANALYZIS 63
5 CONCLUSIONS 63
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 63
REFERENCES 64
ESP for Small Scale Wood Combustion 65
1 INTRODUCTION 65
2 SONIC JET CHARGING 65
3 TESTING 65
3.1 Precipitator 65
3.2 Measurement system 66
4 RESULTS 66
4.1 Charging efficiency 66
4.2 Removal efficiency 67
5 CONCLUSIONS 67
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 67
REFERENCES 67
Dust Flow Separator Type Electrostatic Precipitator for a Particulate Matter Emission Control from Natural Gas Combution 68
1 INTRODUCTION 68
2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS 69
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 69
3.1 Particles Characteristic 69
3.2 Characteristic of Dust Flow Separator 70
3.2.1 Gas Flow Separation Characteristics 70
3.2.2 Particle Separation Characteristic 70
3.2.3 DFS-ESP Particles Collection Efficiency 70
4 CONCLUSIONS 72
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 72
REFERENCES 72
Electrostatic Precipitator: The Next Generation 73
1 INTRODUCTION 73
2 OBJECTIVE 73
3 METHOD 73
4. COST SAVINGS 74
5 CONCLUSIONS 74
5.1 Operational Advantages 74
5.2 Other Advantages 75
5.3 Application 75
REFERENCES 75
FURTHER ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR DEVELOPMENT 75
Current Density and Efficiency of a Novel Lab ESP for Fine Particles Collection 76
1 INTRODUCTION 76
2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS 76
3 RESULTS 77
3.1 Current density of various plate-plate gaps 77
3.2 Comparison between positive and negative corona discharge 77
3.3 Current density of various discharge electrode distances 79
3.4 Dust collection efficiency 79
4 CONCLUSIONS 80
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 80
REFERENCES 80
Five Stages Electrostatic Precipitator Principles and Application 81
1 INTRODUCTION 81
2 MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES 81
2.1Technological Scheme 81
2.2 Concept 81
2.3 Principles 81
3 MAJOR QUIPMENTS 82
3.1 RPEF 82
3.2 FUEF 82
3.3 RCEF 82
3.4 Airflow Adjustment 82
3.5 Adjustable Sound Device 83
4 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION 83
5 CONCLUSIONS 83
REFERENCES 83
Application of STAAD in ESP Structure Design 84
1 INTRODUCTION 84
2 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF STAAD 84
3 STAAD’S TYPICAL PROCESS 84
4 THE USEFUL IN ESP’S DESIGN 84
5 SUMMARY 85
REFERENCES 85
Flue Gas Conductivity and Efficiency of ESP 86
1 INTRODUCTION 86
2 DISCUSSION ON ESP PRINCIPLES 86
3 ESP DEBUGGING 89
3.1 The Operation Curve of ESP 89
3.2 Basic requirements of ESP Debugging 89
3.3 Basic Methods in ESP Debugging 89
4 CONCLUSIONS 89
REFERENCES 89
Non-static Collection Process of the Electrostatic Precipitator 90
1 INTRODUCTION 90
2 THEORETICAL RESEARCH ON THE NON-STATIC COLLECTION PROCESS 90
2.1 Accumulation charge of plate sedimentary dust layers 90
2.2 Electric field intensity of electric-field for dust- collecting 91
2.3 Particles velocity of non-static electrostatic dust collection 91
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES ON THE NON- STATIC COLLECTION PROCESS 91
3.1 Experimental system and method 91
3.2 Experimental results 92
3.2.1 Relationship between operating voltage and collecting efficiency 92
3.2.2 Relationship between collection efficiency and resistivity 92
3.2.3 Relationship between t thickness of dust layer and collection efficiency 92
3.3 Comparisons between classification efficiency and f theoretical results 93
4 CONCLUSIONS 93
REFERENCES 93
Study of Using Mixed Discharge Electrodes and Mixed Spacing of Pole to Pole for Electrostatic Precipitator 95
1 INTRODUCTION 95
2 COAL AND ITS ASH FEATURES FOR COAL FIRED POWER PLANTS 95
3 BASIC PRINCIPLE 95
4 APPLICATION STATUS OF MIXED WIRES AND MIXED SPACING OF POLE TO POLE 96
5 DEVELOPING DIRECTION 97
6 CONCLUSIONS 97
REFERENCES 97
Experimental Investigation on the Collection of Fine Dust with High Resistivity by a Bipolar Discharging ESP 98
1 INTRODUCTION 98
2 DEVELOPMENT OF BIPOLAR DISCHARGING ESP 98
3 EXPERIMENTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BIPOLAR DISCHARGING ESP 99
3.1 Experimental setup 99
3.2 Ion wind measurement in ESP with bipolar discharging electrodes 99
3.2 Voltage-current characteristics of the ESP with bipolar barbed nail electrodes 100
3.3 Collection efficiency of the ESP with bipolar barbed nail electrodes 100
4 DISCUSSIONS 100
4.1 Particle charging 100
4.2 Ion wind and collection efficiency 101
5 CONCLUSIONS 101
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 101
REFERENCES 101
Designing ESP Systemically to Reduce Dust Emission 102
1 INTRODUCTION 102
2 INTRODUCE AND DISCUSSING 102
2.1 Before the Flue Gas Get into the Electric Fields 102
2.2 When the Flue Gas in the Electric Fields 103
2.3 When the Flue Gas Get out of the Fields 103
3 CONCLUSIONS 103
REFERENCES 104
Research on Vibration Period Optimization of Electrostatic Precipitator 105
1 INTRODUCTION 105
2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF ASH DEPOSITED ON POLAR PLATES AND LINES 105
3 THE DETERMINATION OF THE VIBRATION PERIOD 105
4 THE CALCULATION OF THE VIBRATION PERIOD 106
4.1 The Calculation of the Amount of the Flue Gas 106
4.2 The Calculation of the Flue Gas Flow 106
4.3 The Calculation of the Collection Efficiency in Every Electric Field 106
4.4 The calculation of inlet dust concentration in flue gas at 130 in every electric field 106
4.5 The Calculation Formula of vibration Period 106
4.6 The Vibration Period in Different Loads 107
4.7 The Vibration Period in Every Electric Field in the Different Dust Concentration 107
5 CONCLUSIONS 108
REFERENCES 108
Study on the Dust Removal Efficiency Formula of EP with Efficiency Enhancing and Energy Saving 109
1 INTRODUCTION 109
2 DEUTSCH EP DUST REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FORMULA 109
3 WHITE (H.J. WHITE) CORONA POWER-TYPE DUST REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FORMULA 109
4 STUDY ON EFFICIENCY ENHANCING AND ENERGY SAVING DUST REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FORMULA 110
4.1 Basis 110
4.1.1 White theory on EP high voltage power supply 110
4.1.2 The running status of EP–the working mode of spark setting 110
4.1.3 Efficiency enhancing, energy saving and intelligent optimization control 110
4.2 Study on EP Dust Removal Efficiency of Formula with Efficiency Enhancing and Energy Saving 110
4.2.1 The theoretical drift velocity 110
4.2.2 Effective drift velocity can be connected with the power supply mode of efficiency enhancing and energy saving in the following ways: 110
4.2.3 Study on drift velocity and the formula of dust removal efficiency with efficiency enhancing and energy saving 110
4.3 Significance of the Dust Removal Efficiency Formula of Efficiency Enhancing and Energy Saving 112
5 CONCLUSIONS 112
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 112
REFERENCES 112
Research and Application of the Extensive Resistivity and Efficient Electrostatic Precipitator 113
1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND GENERAL SITUATION 113
2 INTRODUCTION FOR THE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH OF EXTENSIVE RESISTIVITY ESP 114
2.1 Introduction for the Electrical Field’s Structure of Extensive Resistivity ESP 114
2.2 Technology Scheme and Capability Improving Mechanism 114
3 THE MEDIUM INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION EXPERIMENT AND THE INDUSTRIAL APPLI-CATION 115
3.1 An Introduction about the Medium Industrial Application Experiment 115
3.2 The Results of the Industrial Application 115
4 RESULTS AND PROSPECT OF THE RESEARCH 116
REFERENCES 116
Application and Research on Technology of Longking Brand BEL Model ESP 117
1 INTRODUCTION 117
2 MAIN CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS OF BEL-ESP 117
2.1 Combined the Technologies of Europe and America, with Complementary Advantages, Integration and Innovation 117
2.2 Adopted Circular Pipe Discharging Type as the Electric Field Plate-Wire Type 118
2.3 Adopting the Technologies of Single Mast Type Small Rigid DE Frame Structure and Top Electromagnetic Impact Rapper Rapping 118
2.4 Optimistically Arrange the Dimension Chain of Inner Electric Field 119
2.5 Adopting Improved Design & Plan such as the New Style Penthouse Type of Insulator Box
2.6 Rapping Dedusting Mode of CE Plate 119
2.7 Adopting Digital Control Electric Power Supply 119
3 PRACTICAL RESEARCH AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION IMPROVEMENT 119
3.1 Research on Influence of Dust Collecting Owing to Deviation of DE Barbed Wire, Which Should be Placed Against the Wave Bottom position of the Waveshape CE Plate 119
3.2 Application Research on CE localizer 120
3.3 Computational Analysis and Improved Research on CE Rapping Platform 120
3.4 Developed and Applied the Unit Equipment of Drag Line Type CE Suspending Beam 120
3.5 Developing the Lifting Procedure of CE and DE System, Perfecting the Complete Machine Quality 120
4 BEHAVIOR OF THE MARKET APPLICATION 120
5 CONCLUSIONS 121
REFERENCES 121
Electrode Shape and Collector Plate Spacing Effects on ESP Performance 122
1 INTRODUCTION 122
2 PILOT ESP SETUP 122
3 SIMULATION MODEL 122
4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 123
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 123
5.1 Part 1 – Simulation Results 124
5.2 Part 2 – Experimental Results 127
6 CONCLUSIONS 128
REFERENCES 129
Resistance and Airflow Distribution of Rotary Plate 130
1 INTRODUCTION 130
2 MODELING 130
3 ANALYSIS RESULTS 130
3.1 Resistance Of ESP 130
3.2 Airflow Distribution 131
4 CONCLUSIONS 131
REFERENCES 131
Onset Voltage of Corona in Electrostatic Filters as Influenced by Gas Flow 132
1 INTRODUCTION 132
2 ELECTRIC FIELD CALCULATION 132
3 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND DISCHARGE WIRE 133
4 ONSET VOLTAGE CALCULATION 134
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 134
REFERENCES 135
An Initial Exploration for Coulomb ESP 136
1 THEORETICAL BASIS 136
2 THE PRACTICALITY VALUE OF COULOMB ESP 136
3 THE APPLY FOREGROUND OF COULOMB ESP 136
REFERENCES 136
Aerodynamic Effects and ESP Models 138
Effect of the EHD Flow on Particle Surface Charging and the Collection Efficiency of Submicron and Ultrafine Dust Particles in Wire-plate Type Electrostatic Precipitators 139
1 INTRODUCTION 139
2 ELECTROHYDRODYNANIC FLOW IN ESPs 139
3 NUMERICAL MODELS 140
3.1 Volume Averaged Discharge and Flow Parameters 140
3.2 Dust Particle Surface Charge and Collection Efficiency Calculations 141
4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 142
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 142
REFERENCES 142
Electrohydrodynamic Turbulent Flow in a Wide Wire-Plate Electrostatic Precipitator Measured by 3D PIV Method 144
1 INTRODUCTION 144
2 EXPERIMENT 144
3 RESULTS 145
4 CONCLUSIONS 149
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 149
REFERENCES 149
Applying Numerical Simulation on Air Pollution Control Equipment 150
CFD simulation of Electrostatic Precipitators and Fabric Filters State of the Art and Applications 151
1 INTRODUCTION 151
2 SIMULATION OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS 152
3 ELECTROHYDRODYNAMICS (EHD) 152
4 MODELLING 152
5 VALIDATING 153
6 SIMULATION AND OPTIMISATION OF AN INSTALLED ESP 155
7 SIMULATION OF FABRIC FILTERS 158
8 SIMULATION AND OPTIMISATION OF AN INSTALLED FABRIC FILTER 158
Numerical Modeling of the Electrohydrodynamics in a Hybrid Particulate Collector 161
1 INTRODUCTION 161
2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND NUMERICAL METHODS 162
2.1 Models for the Electric Field 162
2.2 Models for the EHD Flow Field 162
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 162
3.1 Electric Conditions 162
3.2 EHD Flow 164
4 CONCLUSIONS 165
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 165
REFERENCES 166
CFD Numerical Simulation of ESP Airflow Distribution and Application of Flue Gas Distribution 167
1 INTRODUCTION 167
2 MODEL DESIGN STRUCTURES 167
3 THE PILOT PROGRAMME SET 167
4 TEST CONDITIONS 168
5 TEST METHOD 168
6 TEST PREPARATIONS 168
7 TEST DATA CONTENT 168
8 THREE EXPERIMENTAL OPTION OF AIRFLOW VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION 168
9 D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLUE 171
10 SOFTWARE 171
11 ESTABLISHED GEOMETRIC MODEL(see Fig. 4) 171
12 GRID DIVISION 171
13 DETERMINE THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 171
14 CONVERGENCE CONDITIONS 171
15 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS(see Fig. 6) 171
16 NUMERICAL MODEL AND PHYSICAL MODEL TEST DATA ERROR ANALYSIS 172
17 OPTIMIZATION DESIGN 172
18 THE TEST OF PRACTICE 173
19 CONCLUSIONS 173
REFERENCES 173
Study and Application of Numerical Calculation Method for Gas Flow Distribution of Large Scale Electrostatic Precipitator 174
1 INTRODUCTION 174
2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION 174
2.1 The Establishment of Geometric Model of ESP 174
2.2 Mesh Generation 175
2.3 Definition of Boundary Conditions 175
2.4 Calculation Model 175
2.5 Calculation Method 176
2.6 Results 176
3 MODEL TEST 176
3.1 The Placement of Guide Plates in Pipelines 176
3.2 Device of Gas Flow Distribution inInlet Diffuser 176
4 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE RESULTS OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND THAT OF MODEL TEST 177
4.1 Distribution of Gas Flow Rate 177
4.2 Uniformity of Gas Flow Distribution in Inlet of Electric Field 177
5 CONCLUSIONS 178
REFERENCES 178
Experiment Study on Optimization of Electric Field Performance for Electrostatic Precipitator by Using Finite Element Method 179
1 INTRODUCTION 179
2 EXPERIMENT DEVICE AND TESTING RESULTS 179
2.1 Experiment Device 179
2.2 Testing Results and Analysis 180
3 CALCULATION MODEL AND VALIDATION 181
3.1 Mathematic Model of Ion Field and Boundary Condition 181
3.2 Validation of the Calculation Model 181
4 THE APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD 182
4.1 Geometric Model and Grid 182
4.2 Results 183
4.3 Results Analysis of Numerical Analysis and Experi- ments 183
4.3.1 The influence of electric strength of corona zone on corona current 183
4.3.2 The influence of electric strength of outside corona zone to corona current 184
5 CONCLUSIONS 184
REFERENCES 184
Analytical Study on ZT Collecting Electrode 185
1 INTRODUCTION 185
2 DISCHARGE ELECTRODE IN POSITION 185
3 DISCHARGE ELECTRODE OFFSET 186
4 RAPPING RE-ENTRAINMENT 187
5 FLOW DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE 187
6 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 187
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 188
REFERENCES 188
Model EE I Technology in 1#125 MW Unit of Electrostatic Precipitator Application for GUODIAN Kaili Power Plant 189
1 INTRODUCTION 189
2 TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME 189
3 NEW DESIGN TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 189
4 TRANSFORM POINTS 190
4.1 Forms 190
4.2 Electric Tail and Groove Plate Installed between the Ultrafine Dust Collection Device 190
4.3 The Form of Vibration 190
4.4 Special Structure of Top Prix Housing 190
4.5 Air Distribution Transformation 190
5 TRANSFORMATION PERIOD 190
6 TRANSFORMING EXPERIENCE 191
7 COMMISSIONING AND ACCEPTANCE 191
REFERENCES 192
Model EE II Technology in 2#600MW Unit of Electrostatic Precipitator Application for GUODIAN Kaili Power Plant 193
1 INTRODUCTION 193
2 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR DESIGN PARAMETERS AND REQUIREMENTS 193
2.1 System Overview and Related Equipment 193
2.2 Coal and Coal-fired Fly Ash Information 193
2.3 Technical Conditions 194
3 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR DESIGN 194
3.1 Determine the Driving Speed 194
3.2 Determine the Speed of Flow Field 195
3.3 Power Choices 195
3.4 Design Parameters 195
4 PROCESS LAYOUT 195
5 THE STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF ELECTRO- STATIC PRECIPITATOR 195
5.1 Anode System 195
5.2 Anode Rapping 195
5.3 Cathode System 196
5.4 Electromagnetic Rapping of Top Cathode 196
6 CONCLUSIONS 196
REFERENCES 196
Numerical Simulation of Influence of Baffler in Electric Field Entrance to Form Skewed Gas Flow 197
1 INTRODUCTION 197
2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS 197
3 MESH GENERATION AND BOUNDARY CONDITION 198
3.1 Simplified Structure of Precipitator 198
3.2 Mesh Generation 198
3.3 Boundary Conditions 198
4 CALCULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION 198
4.1 Results Analysis about Onfluence of Baffle Angle on Forming Skewed Gas Flow 198
4.2 Results Analysis about Influence of Baffle’ Interval on Forming Skewed Gas Flow 200
5 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND SIMULATION RESULTS 202
6 CONCLUSIONS 203
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 203
REFERENCES 203
A Numerical Simulation for Predicting Influence of Flow Pattern in Electrostatic Precipitator on Exit Re-entrainment Loss 204
1 INTRODUCTION 204
2 NEW NUMERICAL MODEL REVIEW[1] [2] 204
2.1 Geometry Model 204
2.2 The Governing Equations for Turbulent Flow 205
2.3 Re-entrainment Function and Model 205
2.4 The Sneakage Model 206
2.5 New Model 206
3 TEST NEW MODEL 206
4 INFLUENCE OF THE SKEW GAS DISTRI-BUTION UPON EXIT RE-ENTRAINMENT LOSS 206
5 CONCLUSIONS 207
REFERENCES 207
Fine-Particles and Their Agglomeration 209
Research Progress of the Control Technology of the PM10 from Combustion Sources 210
1 INTRODUCTION 210
2 FILTER FILTRATION EXPERIMENT 210
3 SINGLE FIBER FILTRATION EXPERIMENT AND SIMULATION 211
3.1 Experiment 211
3.2 Discrete Element Method Simulation 212
4 CAKE DETACHMENT EXPERIMENT 213
5 CONCLUSIONS 214
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 214
REFERENCES 214
Enhanced Fine Particle and Mercury Emission Control Using the Indigo Agglomerator 215
1 THE FINE PARTICLE PROBLEM 215
2 THE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR PROBLEM 216
3 THE MERCURY EMISSION PROBLEM 216
4 THE INDIGO AGGLOMERATOR SOLUTION 217
5 FINE PARTICLE TEST DATA FROM WATSON POWER STATION 219
6 FINE PARTICLE TEST DATA FROM TARONG POWER STATION 219
7 MERCURY TEST DATA FROM WATSON POWER STATION 221
8 CONCLUSIONS 223
REFERENCES 223
Emission Reductions at a Chinese Power Station 224
1 INTRODUCTION 224
2 TESTS PERFORMED 224
3 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS 225
3.1 Test Results 225
3.2 Agglomerator Tests Conclusions 228
3.3 ESP Outlet Test Conclusions 228
4 HISTORICAL ANALYSIS 229
4.1 Coal 1 229
4.2 Coal 2 231
4.3 Coal 3 231
4.4 Historical Opacity Conclusions 231
5 CONCLUSIONS 231
On-line Measurement of Hazardous Fine Particles for the Future APC Technology 232
1 INTRODUCTION 232
2 THE ELPI 232
3 ELPI DATA EVALUATION 233
4 ELPI VS BERNER IMPACTOR 234
5 SITE ELPI MEASUREMENTS 234
6 SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS VS TIME 235
7 SUMMARY 236
REFERENCES 236
A Novel Method for Particle Sampling and Size-Classified Electrical Charge Measurement at Power Plant Environment 237
1 INTRODUCTION 237
2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 237
2.1 Electrical Low Pressure Impactor ELPI 237
2.2 Fine Particle Sampler FPS 238
3 INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION 238
3.1 ELPI Calibration 238
3.2 FPS Calibration 238
3.3 System Losses 239
4 DILUTION SYSTEM EFFECTS ON PARTICLE CHARGE 239
4.1 Instrument Setup at Power Plant 239
4.2 Measurement Setup 240
5 RESULTS 240
Size distribution Measurement 241
Charge Measurements 241
6 CONCLUSIONS 242
REFERENCES 242
Agglomeration Modelling of Sub-Micron Particle during Coal Combustion Based on the Flocculation Theory 243
1 INTRODUCTION 243
2 MODEL 243
3 ALGORITHM 244
4 NUMERICAL SIMULATION 244
4.1 Initial Conditions 244
4.2 Evolution Process of Particles 245
5 CONCLUSIONS 246
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 246
REFERENCES 246
Integrated Control of Submicron Particles and Toxic Trace Elements by ESPs Combined with Chemical Agglomeration 247
1 INTRODUCTION 247
2 ENRICHMENT AND EMISSION OF ARSENIC IN SUBMICRON PARTICLES 247
3 EFFECT OF COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE ON ARSENIC EMISSION 248
4 EFFECT OF OCCURRENCE MODE ON ARSENIC EMISSION 248
5 AGGLOMERATION OF SUBMICRON PARTICLES 248
6 AGGLOMERATION EFFECT OF DIFFERENT AGGLOMERANTS 249
7 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON AGGLO- MERATION 249
8 INFLUENCE OF AGGLOMERANTS ON FLY ASH RESISTIVITY 249
9 CONCLUSIONS 249
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 250
REFERENCES 250
Electrostatic Capture of PM2.5 Emitted from Coal-fired Power Plant by Pulsed Corona Discharge Combined with DC Agglomeration 251
1 INTRODUCTION 251
2 EXPERIMENTAL 251
2.1 Experimental Setup 251
2.2 Particle Number and Electrostatic Charge Measurement 252
2.3 Data Analysis 252
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 252
3.1 Applied Power Supply Outputs 252
3.2 Particle Ratio Resistance and Number Concentration Distributions 252
3.3 Particle Charging Enhanced by Pulsed Corona Discharge 253
3.4 Particle Collection by Pulsed Corona Discharge Combined with DC Agglomeration 254
4 CONCLUSIONS 254
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 255
REFERENCES 255
An Approximate Expression for the Coagulation Coefficient of Bipolar-charged Particles in an Alternating Electric Field 256
1 INTRODUCTION 256
2 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS 256
2.1 The motional Equations of Particles 256
2.2 The Coagulation Coefficient of Particles 257
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 258
4 CONCLUSIONS 259
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 259
REFERENCES 259
Improving Nano-particle Collection Efficiency and Suppressing Particle Re-entrainment in an AC Electrostatic Precipitator with Hole-punched Electrode 260
1 INTRODUCTION 260
2 EXPERIMENTAL 260
2.1 Summary Of Experimental System 260
2.2 ESP Arrangement And Sampling Location 260
2.3 Structure of Collecting Electrode 261
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 261
3.1 Model Of Collecting Nano-particle 261
3.2 Model Of Preventing Re-entrainment 261
3.3 Effect of Hole-Punched Electrode On Nano Particle Collection 262
3.4 Effect Of Trapezoid AC high voltage 262
3.5 Effect On Collection Efficiency 262
4 CONCLUSIONS 263
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 263
REFERENCES 263
Electrical Operation and Power Sources 265
Precipitator Performance Improvement and Energy Savings based on IGBT Inverter Technology 266
1 INTRODUCTION 266
2 EMISSION IMPROVEMENTS 267
3 ENERGY SAVINGS 267
4 CONTROL SYSTEM 268
REFERENCES 270
Performance Enhancements Achieved with High Frequency Switch Mode Power Supplies 271
1 INTRODUCTION 271
2 POWERPLUS RESULTS 271
High Frequency Power Supply Operation on Hot-Side ESP 277
1 INTRODUCTION 277
1.1 High Frequency Power Supply Technology 277
1.2 Barry Electric Generating Plant 277
2 SMPS INSTALLATION 277
3 RESULTS 278
3.1 Power Supply Electrical Data 278
3.2 Process Particulate Counter Results 280
3.3 Particulate Mass Measurements 281
3.4 Future Investigations 281
4 CONCLUSIONS 282
REFERENCES 282
Industrial Applications of Three-phase T/R for Upgrading ESP Performance 283
1 INTRODUCTION 283
2 ESP AND FLUE GAS 283
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE-PHASE T/R 284
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 284
5 CONCLUSIONS 287
REFERENCES 287
Industrial Applications of a New AVC for Upgrading ESP to Save Energy and Improve Efficiency 288
1 INTRODUCTION 288
2 ESP AND FLUE GAS 288
3 POWER SOURCE UPGRADING 288
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 288
5 CONCLUSIONS 289
REFERENCES 290
Highly Efficient Switch-Mode 100 kV, 100 kW Power Supply for ESP Applications 291
1 INTRODUCTION 291
2 MAIN SPECIFICATIONS 291
3 KEY TECHNOLOGY 291
4 EXPERIMENTAL 293
4.1 Single Module 293
4.2 HVPS Tests 293
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 295
REFERENCES 295
The Crystal Ball Gazing with Electrostatic Precipitators: V-I Curves Analysis 296
1 ESP OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 296
2 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT: THE KEY PARAMETERS 296
3 V-I CURVES 297
3.1 Shape of V-I Curves 297
3.2 Fouling Effect on V-I Curves by the Experimental Procedure 298
3.2.1 ESP description 298
3.2.2 Stop Rapping 298
3.3 Modelling Faults: Insulator Leakage and Back-corona 299
3.3.1 Normal Operation 299
3.3.2 Insulator Leakage 300
3.3.3 Back-corona 300
3.3.4 V-I curve Interpretation 301
4 A TOOL FOR EASY INTERPRETATION OF V-I CURVES 301
4.1 Functionalities of the software 301
4.2 Validation 302
4.2.1 Description of the Tests 302
5 CONCLUSIONS 303
REFERENCES 304
New Automatic Voltage Control Designs for Enhanced ESP Systems Integration, Improved Reliability, Safety and Troubleshooting Capabilities 305
1 HISTORY 305
2 INTRODUCTION 306
3 GENERATION 5 CONTROL HIGHLIGHTS 306
3.1 User Interface - Settings and Control Interface 306
3.2 User Interface - Operating Parameters 306
3.3 Communications’ Speed and Reliability 307
4 MORE ACCURATE WAVEFORMS AND POWER CALCULATION 307
5 INTEGRATION ADVANCEMENTS 308
Another Concept of Three Phase High Frequency High Voltage Supply 311
Development and Application Features of High Power High Frequency Power Supply for ESP 312
1 INTRODUCTION 312
2 APPLICATION OF HIGH FREQUENCY POWER SUPPLY 312
3 IMPROVING FACTOR OF HIGH FREQUENCY POWER SUPPLY 313
4 HIGH FREQUENCY POWER SUPPLY ENERGY- SAVING EFFECT 313
4.1 Give an example of 300MW unit with four sets of 0.8 A power supplies 313
4.2 Combinatorial optimizing energization mode for achieving energy-saving 313
5 APPLICATION APPROACH OF HIGH FREQUENCY POWER SUPPLY APPLIED IN THE FORMER ELECTRIC FIELD 313
6 ILLUMINATE HIGH FREQUENCY POWER SUPPLY REFORM SITUATION 314
6.1The V-I curve after reforming 314
6.2 Operation comparison 314
6.3 Effect Comparison 315
7 APPLICATION EXPANSION OF HIGH FREQUENCY POWER SUPPLY 315
7.1 Application of high frequency power supply in smoke control, prolongation reform market approach 315
7.2 High frequency power supply in electrostatic bag ESP 315
7.3 Wilde applications in industries and entirely applied in electric field of ESP 315
7.4 Application in large unit and cost-effective 316
8 CONCLUSIONS 316
REFERENCES 316
The Application Strategy of Three-phase HV Power Supply for Special Working Condition ——The Whole Solution of H& L Voltage Integrated Control
1 INTRODUCTION 317
2 SEVERAL NEW CONTROL STRATEGIES AND CONCEPTS ILLUSTRATION 318
2.1 The control strategy overcoming back corona 318
2.2 The difference of “energy saving” between inter- mittent pulse and three-phase 318
2.3 The concept of H& L voltage integrated control
2.4 Network topology structure of H& L voltage inte- grated control
3 THE APPLICATIONS OF H& L VOLTAGE INTE- GRATED CONTROL
3.1 Application one: aluminum dust removal project 319
3.2 Application 2: the power boiler dust removal project. 320
3.3 Application 3: the sintering machine head in iron and steel factory. 320
4 CONCLUSIONS 320
Applying the Technology of Compounded Type Power Control Rapping to Reduce the Outlet Emission Concentration 321
1 INTRODUCTION 321
2 THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE COMPOUNDED TYPE POWER CONTROL RAPPING OF LONGKING 321
3 PROJECT APPLICATIONS 322
3.1 5# and 6# boilers ESP of Meixian power plant 322
3.2 The a of Meixian power plant 3# and 4# boilers ESP 324
3.3 The rebuilding of 3# boiler of YangGuang power plant of Shanxi 324
4 CONCLUSIONS 325
REFERENCES 325
Study on Efficiency Enhancing and Energy Saving of High Voltage Power Supply of EP 326
1 INTRODUCTION 326
2 THEORETICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF EP 326
3 PRACTICAL SECONDARY ENERGY CONSUMP- TION OF EP HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY 327
4 THE CATEGORIES OF HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 327
5 THE STUDY AND ANALYSIS ON WHITE POWER SUPPLY THEORY OF EP 327
6 THE ENERGY SAVING AND EMISSION REDUC- TION OF EP 328
7 CONCLUSIONS 329
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 329
REFERENCES 329
Serial/Parallel Resonant Converter (SPRC) In ESP Power 330
1 REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER FOR ESP 330
1.1 Requirements of ESP for High-Voltage Power Supply 330
1.1.1 Selection of Power Supplies 330
1.1.2 Selection of Control Properties 330
1.1.3 Selection of Voltage Grade and Current Capacity 330
1.2 Energy Saving, Discharge Mitigating and Depletion Reducing, Carrying on Sustainable Development 330
1.2.1 Energy Saving 330
1.2.2 Discharge Mitigating 330
1.2.3 Depletion Reducing 331
1.3 High-Voltage Power for ESP Should Be Designed with Consideration of Low-Voltage Power Supply 331
2 HIGH-FREQUENCY HIGH-VOLTAGE DC SWITCH AND DC PULSE POWER ARE THE TWO DIRECTIONS FOR ESP POWER DEVELOPMENT 331
2.1 High-Frequency High-Voltage DC Switch Power 331
2.2 DC Pulse Power 331
3 RESONANT CONVERTER IS AN IDEAL CHOICE FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY HIGH-VOLTAGE DC ESP SWITCH POWER 331
3.1 Two Inversions of DC Switch Power 331
3.1.1 Hard switch pulse width modifier (PWM) switch mode 331
3.1.2 Switch Mode of Resonant Converter 332
3.2 Resonant Converter is the Ideal Choice for High- Frequency High-Voltage DC ESP Switch Power 332
4 SERIAL/PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTER LCC IS THE BEST CHOICE FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY HIGH-VOLTAGE DC ESP SWITCH POWER 332
4.1 Types of Resonant Converters 332
4.2 Comparison between 4 Resonant Converter Circuits 332
4.2.1 Serial Resonant Converter 333
4.2.2 Parallel Resonant Converter 333
4.2.3 LCC Serial/Parallel Resonant Converter 333
4.2.4 LLC Serial/Parallel Resonant Converter 333
4.2.5 Full-Bridge Serial/Parallel Resonant Converter 333
5 THE IGBT FULL-BRIDGE SERIAL/PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTER LCC WILL GRADUALLY BECOME DOMINANT IN THE HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER FOR THE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS. 334
REFERENCES 334
The Development and Application of an Energy Saving System Based on the Optimal Control and Multi-parameter Feedback 335
1 BACKGROUND 335
2 SEVERAL MAIN ISSUES ABOUT THE ESP ENERGY SAVING 335
3 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW TYPE ENERGY SAVING CONTROL SYSTEM 336
4 ON-SITE APPLICATIONS 337
5 CONCLUSIONS 338
REFERENCES 338
Query on the Sustainable Development of Traditional Dust Precipitation Using Optimal Electric Spark Rate 339
1 FOREWORD 339
2 PHYSICAL NATURE OF DUST PRECIPITATION USING OPTIMAL ELECTRIC SPARK RATE 339
2.1 Optimization of Electric Spark Rate” is the Synonym for “Optimization of Electric Pressure in Electric Field 339
2.2 Optimal Electric Spark Rate is not Directly Corresponding to Maximum Value of Dust Precipitation Efficiency 340
2.3 Optimal Electric Spark Rate is the Synonym for Maximization of Power Consumption at Electric Field 340
3 THE CONCEPT OF OPTIMAL ELECTRIC SPARK RATE IS MISLEADING 340
3.1 Dust Removing Efficiency .m under “Optimal Electric Spark Rate” Condition is not the Maximum Value .max 340
3.2 “Optimization of Electric Spark Rate” is More Often a Power Control Process in Engineering Practice 341
3.3 Narrow Pole Span is the Result of Misleading Concept of Optimal Electric Spark Rate 342
3.4 Necessity to Use Power Current is the Result of Misleading Concept of Optimal Electric Spark Rate 342
4 QUERY ON THE SUSTAINABILITY FOR DEVELOP- MENT OF TRADITIONAL DUST PRECIPITATION USING OPTIMAL ELECTRIC SPARK RATE 342
4.1 On Dust Removing Effectiveness 342
4.2 On Waste of Energy 342
4.3 On Waste of Resources 342
5 DUST PRECIPITATION USING DIRECT CURRENT SUPPLY WITH EXTRA WIDE POLAR DISTANCE IS THE SOLUTION 342
5.1 Modern Direct Current Supply 342
5.2 Improved Dust Removing Effect 343
5.3 Energy Conservation 343
5.4 Conservation of Steel Material 343
6 CONCLUSIONS 343
REFERENCES 343
Comparative Study of Distribution of Collecting Plate Current Density on Electrostatic Precipitations with High Direct Current and Pulse Power Supply 344
1 INTRODUCTION 344
2 METHODS AND EXPERIMENT SETUP 344
2.1 The Measured Methods of Current Density of Collecting Plate 344
2.2 Assessment of Distribution Uniformity of Collecting Plate Current Density 344
2.3 The Experiment Setup 345
3 THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 345
3.1 Distribution Uniformity of Collecting Plate Current Density on the Vertical Direction 345
3.2 Distribution Uniformity of Collecting Plate Current Density on the Parallel Direction 345
3.3 The Distribution of Current Density for the Whole Collecting Plate 346
4 CONCLUSIONS 347
REFERENCES 347
Development of Energy Saving and Efficiency Enhancing Electrostatic Precipitator Power Supply Control Equipment 348
1 FOREWORD 348
2 HARDWARE DESIGN 348
2.1 Multi-processor Design 348
2.2 Integrate H.V Control and L.V Control 349
3 ENERGY-SAVING AND EFFICIENCY-ENHANCING PULSE ENERGIZATION MODE 350
4 INTELLIGENT DYNAMIC OPTIMIZED CONTROL 350
5 APPLICATIONS 350
6 CONCLUSIONS 351
REFERENCES 351
Research on High Frequency Switched HV Power Supplies for ESP 352
1 INTRODUCTION 352
2 DESIGNING CONSIDERATIONS OF HIGH FREQUENCY SWITCHED HV POWER SUPPLIES 352
2.1 Power Input Unit 352
2.2 Power Inversion Unit 352
2.3 Boost HV Rectifier Output 353
2.4 Power Control 353
3 RESEARCH ON HV SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY OF 400 MA, 80 KV 353
3.1 Design Specification 353
3.2 Technical Solutions 353
Mechanical unit 353
Cooling and radiating 353
Input rectifier unit 353
Power inversion unit 353
Boost HV rectifier output unit 353
Control unit 354
Protection for power supplies 354
4 CONCLUSIONS 354
Design of Switch Mode Power Supply for ESP 355
1 INTRODUCTION 355
2 WORKING PRINCIPLE 355
3 ELECTRIC TOPOLOGY 355
4 CONTROL SYSTEM 356
5 TEST CURVE 356
6 AUXILIARY FUNCTION 356
7 CONCLUSIONS 356
Research and Application of Automatic Control Technology of Back Corona 357
1 INTRODUCTION 357
2 BACK CORONA PHENOMENON 357
3 BACK CORONA DETECTION 357
4 BACK CORONA AUTOMATIC CONTROL TECH- NOLOGY 358
5 FIELD APPLICATION 358
6 CONCLUSIONS 360
REFERENCES 360
The Research on Three-phase Medium-frequency DC High-voltage Power 361
1 THE BACKGROUND OF THE MEDIUMFRE- QUENCY POWER 361
1.1 The Single-phase SCR Power 361
1.2 High-frequency Power 361
1.3 Medium-frequency Power 361
1.4 The Comparison of Three Power Conversion Techno- logies 362
2 SPECIFICATIONS 362
3 TECHNICAL SCHEME 362
3.1 Principle Diagram of Main Circuit and Control Circuit(Fig. 3) 362
3.2 Working Principle of Main Circuit[1, 5] 362
3.3 Principle of Control Circuit 362
4 TECHNICAL FEATURES OF SCHEME 363
5 SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF MEDIUM- FREQUENCY POWER-SUPPLY 363
6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ANALYSIS OF MEDIUM-FREQUENCY POWER-SUPPLY 363
7 CONCLUSIONS 365
REFERENCES 365
Investigation of Current Density Distribution Model for Barb-plate ESP 366
1 INTRODUCTION 366
2 BRIEF REVIEWS ON CURRENT DENSITY DISTRI- BUTIONS OF BARB-PLATE ESP 366
3 CURRENT DENSITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF BARB-PLATE ESP 367
4 DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT . 368
5 TEST FOR THE T-DISTRIBUTION OF CURRENT DENSITY 368
6 CONCLUSIONS 369
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 369
REFERENCES 369
SLC500 Programmerable Logic Controller Hot Standby Two-node Cluster 370
1 INTRODUCTION 370
2 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION 370
3 SYSTEM COMMUNICATION 370
4 SYSTEM DEBUGGING 370
5 SYSTEM COMMUNICATION 371
6 SYSTEM DEBUGGING 371
7 CONCLUSSIONS 372
Evaluation of HV Power Source for ESP 373
1 INTRODUCTION 373
2 SINGLE-PHASE LOW-FREQUENCY RECTIFIER POWER SOURCE 373
3 THREE-PHASE HV POWER SOURCE 373
4 LC CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE 374
5 HIGH FREQUENCY SWITCH POWER SOURCE 375
6 CONCLUSIONS 376
REFERENCES 376
V-I Characteristic Principle of Electrostatic Precipitator 377
1 INTRODUCTION 377
2 EXPERIMENT SETS 377
3 EXPERIMENT CONTENT 377
4 CONCLUSIONS 380
REFERENCES 380
Enhanced Fine Particle Collection by the Application of SMPS Energization 381
1 INTRODUCTION 381
2 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 382
3 PRECIPITATOR PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT BY CHANGING THE PARTICLE MIGRATION VELOCITY 382
4 CASE HISTOR 386
5 TEST RESULTS 386
6 CONCLUSIONS 387
REFERENCES 387
Two ESP Power Supply Patent Technologies 388
1 INTRODUCTION 388
2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION & PHASE SHIFT HIGH VOLTAGE (HV) POWER SUPPLY DEVICE
2.1 Technical Innovation 388
2.1.1 First is Totally Preserving Active Duty SCR Amplitude Modulation & Voltage Regulation Technology
2.2.2 Second is Accomplishing New Voltage Regulation with Technical Method Innovation 388
2.2.3 Third is Obtaining Market Competitive Advantages by Structure Innovation 388
2.2 Voltage Regulation Circuit and Hardware for Power Supply Devices 389
2.2.1 Voltage Regulation Circuit Principle of Main Circuit Amplitude Modulation & Phase Shift Voltage Regulator
2.2.2 Hardware for SCR Amplitude Modulation & Phase Shift Devices
2.2.3 Technological Updating on the Active Service Power Supply 389
3 INTERGRATED SCR AM/PS HIGH-LOW VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM 389
3.1 The System Layout of SCR SP High-low voltage Power Supply System of Our Country Active Service ESP 389
3.2 The System Layout of the Integrated SCR AM/PS High-low Voltage Power Supply System 389
3.3 Technology Innovation of the Integrated SCR AM/PS High-low Voltage Power Supply System 389
3.4 High Integrated/Superpower Function/Miniaturization 389
3.4.1 High integrated 389
3.4.2 Superpower function 390
3.4.3 Miniaturization 390
3.5 Generalization and Humanization 390
3.5.1 Generalization Design 390
3.5.2 Humanization 390
4 THE CONCRETE PROGRESS MADE BY THE TWO PROPRIETARY TECHNOLOGY 390
Flue Gas Conditioning and Back Corona 391
Particulate and Mercury Emissions Control by Non-traditional Conditioners 392
1 INTRODUCTION 392
2 FLUE GAS CONDITIONERS 393
Flue Gas Conditioning 394
1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 394
2 THEORY AND APPLICATION 394
3 SULFUR TRIOXIDE FGC 394
4 AMMONIA CONDITIONING 395
5 DESIGN ASPECTS OF NH3 CONDITIONING SYSTEM 395
6 DUAL CONDITIONING 396
7 CASE STUDIES OF OPERATING FLUE GAS CONDITIONING SYSTEMS IN INDIA 396
8 COST COMPARISON 396
9 CONCLUSIONS 397
Modeling of Back Corona in Pulse Energized “Multizone” Precipitators 400
1 INTRODUCTION 400
2 THE APPLIED ESP MODEL 400
3 PROBLEMS BY THE MODELING OF “MULTIZONE” ESP-S 402
4 CASE STUDY 402
4 CONCLUSIONS 403
REFERENCES 403
Some Investigations on Fly Ash Resistivity Generated in Indian Power Plants 404
1 INTRODUCTION 404
Chemical Composition and Electrical Resistivity 405
2 EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT AND PROCEDURE 406
3 EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR PREDICTION OF FLY ASH RESISTIVITY 406
3.1 Bickelhaupt Relations 407
3.2 Proposed Correlation for Fly Ash Resistivity of Indian Coal 407
4 TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF NH3 DOSING OF FLUE GASES AND SODIUM CONDITIONING OF ASH 409
4.1 Investigation on Electrical Resistivity Due to Dosing of Ammonia to Flue Gases 409
4.2 Effect of Sodium Conditioning 409
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 410
6 NOMENCLATURES 410
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 410
REFERENCES 410
Enhancing ESP Efficiency for High Resistivity Fly Ash by Reducing the Flue Gas Temperature 411
1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 411
2 BASIC THEORY 412
3 RESULTS OF LOW TEMPERATURE ESP OPERATION IN AUSTRALIA 413
4 IMPROVEMENT OF ESP EFFICIENCY AT REDUCED FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE IN DENMARK 414
5 LOW-LOW TEMPERATURE ESP AT THE TOSOH NANYO COMPLEX IN JAPAN 415
6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 416
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 416
REFERENCES 416
The Technical and Economical Analysis on the Application of FGC in Large Scale Coal-fired Units 417
1 TREND OF CURRENT FIRED COALS CONSTRUC- TION FOR LARGE SCALE COAL-FIRED UNITS AND ANALYSIS ON ELECTRIC COLLECTION IN CHINA 417
2 DEDUSTING SYSTEM OF GUANGDONG PINGHAI POWER STATION 2×1000MW UNITS 418
2.1 Coal-fired Construction and Design Requirements of Guangdong Pinghai Power Station 2×1000 MW Units 418
2.2 ESP Equipped with SO3 FGC System 419
3 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE SCALE COAL-FIRED UNITS EQUIPPED WITH FGC SYSTEM 420
REFERENCES 420
Upgrading of Existing Electrostatic Precipitator 421
Advanced Methods of Mpgrading Electrostatic Precipitators 422
1 ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS 422
1.1 Regional Environmental Regulations 422
1.2 European Environmental Regulations 422
1.3 United States Environmental Regulations 422
1.4 Chinese Environmental Regulations 423
1.5 Interdependence or Divergence of Environmental Regulations 423
1.6 Technological Drivers for Existing Plants 423
1.7 Future Energy Demand 424
1.8 Aging of the Installed Fleet 424
1.9 Fuel Flexibility 424
2 MANAGING REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTICULATE EMISSION 424
2.1 Inspection, Assessment and Maintenance 424
2.2 Latest Methods of ESP Upgrades 425
2.3 Control System and Energising 425
2.4 Case Study: Coal-fired Power Plant Particulate Emission Reduction in Portugal 425
2.5 Optimisation 426
2.6 Case Study: North American Power Plant Optimise ESPs to Gain Full Production Capacity 426
2.7 ESP internals, Extension of ESP field or Size 426
2.8 Case Study: Production Bottle Necks Elimination be Extending Two Lime Sludge Kiln ESPs with Additional Filed in Finland 426
2.9 Monitoring and Control 426
2.10 Long-Term Service Agreement for Particulate Compliance 426
3 CONCLUSIONS 427
REFERENCES 427
Challenges for Reduction in Emission in Old Electrostatic Precipitators at Lower Cost 428
1 INTRODUCTION 428
2 SOME SIR RESULTS FROM TWO INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 429
3 CEMENT PLANT IN VICTORIA 429
4 PULP AND PAPER PLANT AT KAWREAU AT NEW ZEALAND 429
5 ANALYSIS OF ABOVE RESULT 430
6 CONCLUSIONS 430
REFERENCES 430
Least Cost to Maximise Dust Collection in Electrostatic Precipitators 432
1 INTRODUCTION 432
2 R& D ON A TIME SCALE FROM 1980 UNTIL CA 1986
3 ALSTOM ESP R& D ON A TIME SCALE FROM 1986 UNTIL CA 1990
4 ALSTOM ESP R& D ON A TIME SCALE FROM 1990 UNTIL CA 2000–FLÄKTBUS, EPIC II WITH EPOQ SOFTWARE. PROCESS MONITOR PROMO II
5 ALSTOM ESP R& D ON A TIME SCALE FROM 2000 UNTIL NOW, THE OLYMPIC YEAR OF 2008. ETHERNET COMMUNICATION, EPIC III WITH IMPROVED EPOQ SOFTWARE AND SOPHISTI-CATED RAPPER SOFTWARE PCR. PROMO III WITH EVEN MORE CAPABILITY. SIRS GET THE SOFTWARE SOPHISTICAT
6 EMISSION-REDUCTION ON A TIME-SCALE EXAMPLE: PEGO POWER STATION IN PORTUGAL 435
7 ESP EMISSION-REDUCTION WITH TARGET TO REDUCE THE SO2/MBTU EMISSIO 436
8 TARGET WITH THE COAL SWITCH 436
9 CONCLUSIONS 438
REFERENCES 439
ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED 439
ESP Renovation in Da Wukou Power Plant, Ningxia 440
1 INTRODUCTION 440
2 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE ORIGINAL ESP 440
3 MAIN PROBLEMS AND CORRESPONDING ANALYSIS BEFORE THE ESP RENOVATION 440
4 RENOVATION SCHEME 441
4.1 Content of Renovation 441
4.2 Diagram 441
5 RENOVATION SCHEME 441
5.1 Different Discharging Wires are Used in the Former and the Latter ESP Fields 441
5.2 Pre-charging Mechanism is Added 441
5.3 Improve the Eveness of Gas Distribution 442
5.4 Wind Leakage Adjustment 442
5.5 Hopper Design 442
6 FURTHER MEASURES 443
6.1 Double-layer Maze-type Channel Plates are Set in the Outlet Nozzle 443
6.2 Wide Spacing is Used in the Latter Fields 443
6.3 Electric Control 443
7 RESULT AFTER RENOVATION 443
8 CONCLUSIONS 443
REFERENCES 443
Hybrid ESP & FF Precipitation
Cost Effectively Increasing the Filtration Area in Fabric Filters for Large Power Plants 445
1 INTRODUCTION 445
2 CLEANING SYSTEM 446
3 GAS DISTRIBUTION DESIGN 447
4 NEW FF DESIGN 450
5 CONCLUSIONS 450
REFERENCES 450
Long-Term COHPAC Baghouse Performance at Alabama Power Company’s E. C. Gaston Units 2 & 3
1 INTRODUCTION 451
1.1 COHPAC Technology 451
1.2 E. C. Gaston Electric Generating Plant 452
1.3 Pilot Plant Testing 452
2 COHPAC BAGHOUSE INSTALLATION 452
2.1 Description of the COHPAC Baghouse Installation 452
2.2 Remote Monitoring System 453
3 LONG-TERM UNIT 3 BAGHOUSE PERFORMANCE 453
3.1 Pressure Drop and Air-to-Cloth Ratio 453
3.2 Pulsing Frequency 454
3.3 Baghouse Emissions and Unit 3& 4 Opacity
3.4 A Discussion of Bag Life 455
3.5 Summary 456
4 LONG-TERM UNIT 2 BAGHOUSE PERFORMANCE 456
5 SPECIAL FILTER BAG TEST PROGRAMS 457
6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 459
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 460
REFERENCES 460
Study of the Use of Bag Filters in Hot Gas Filtration Applications, Pilot Plant Experiences 461
1 INTRODUCTION 461
2 EXPERIMENTAL 461
2.1 Test Facility 461
2.2 Filters 462
2.3 Experimental Filtration Test Planning and Methodology 462
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 462
Effect of the Operational Parameters 463
4 COMBINED DRY REMOVAL OF PARTICLES AND SO2 464
5 NEXT ACTIVITIES 465
6 CONCLUSIONS 465
REFERENCES 465
The R& D and Application of Electrostatic-Fabric Organic Integrated Precipitator in China
1 INTRODUCTION 466
2 CHALLENGES FOR THE CONVENTIONAL DUST REMOVAL TECHNOLOGY 466
3 USING HIGH-FREQUENCY POWER CAN SIGNI- FICEANTLY IMPROVE THE EPOIP PERFORMANCE 467
4 THE R & D OF STRUCTURE MODE ON EFOIP
4.1 Horizontal Arranging Mode of Electric Field and Fabric Filter 467
4.2 Vertical Arranging Mode of Electric Field and Fabric 467
4.3 Vertical EFOIP (Declared Patent) 468
5 THE APPLICATION OF EFOIP IN CHINA 468
5.1 Long-term and Stable Low Emissions 468
5.2 Lower Running Resistance 468
5.3 Simple Operation and Easily Maintenance 469
5.4 Long Servicing Life of Filter Bag and Low Maintenance Costs 469
5.5 Attentions on the Design Selection of Core Components of EFOIP 469
6 CONCLUSIONS 469
REFERENCES 469
Research on Performance of Electrostatic–Bag Precipitator with Comparative Industrial Tests 470
1 INTRODUCTION 470
2 TEST EAUIPMENT AND METHODS 470
2.1 Test equipment and the main parameters 470
2.2 Test methods 471
3 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 471
3.1 P-t Test results 471
3.2 Results of collection efficiency and analysis 472
3.3 Filtration velocity 472
4 CONCLUSIONS 472
REFERENCES 472
A Discussion on the ESP-FF Hybrid Precipitator 474
1 INTRODUCTION 474
2 THE TYPE OF ESP-FF HYBRID PRECIPITATOR 474
3 THE RESISTANCE OF ESP-FF HYBRID PRECIPI- TATOR 474
4 THE LIFE CYCLE OF ESP-FF HYBRID PRECIPI- TATOR 475
5 THE TYPE SELECTION OF TECHNICAL PARA- METERS OF ESP-FF HYBRID PRECIPITATOR 475
6 CONCLUSIONS 475
Collection of High Concentrations of Desulfurized Dust with ESP & FF
1 INTRODUCTION 476
2 ESP 476
3 FF 476
4 COMPARISON OF TYPICAL APPLICATION PRO- JECTS 477
5 COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS ON PERFOR- MANCE OF FF & ESP
5.1 Adaptability to composition of flue gas and dust property 477
5.2 Adaptability to environmental protection standards 478
5.3 Initial invests 478
5.4 Maintenance and Operation cost 478
6 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 478
Application of ESP and Fabric Filter in Power Plants in China 480
1 INTRODUCTION 480
2 DESIGN CONDITIONS and EQUIPMENT CHOICE 480
2.1 Normal Kind Coal 480
2.1.1 Design Conditions 480
2.1.2 Particle Removal Equipment Specification 480
2.1.2.1 Electrostatic Precipitation 480
2.1.2.2 Fabric Filter 481
2.2 Hard-Collecting Kind Coal 481
2.2.1 Design Conditions 481
2.2.2 Particle Removal Equipment Specification 481
2.2.2.1 Electrostatic Precipitation 481
2.2.2.2 Fabric Filter 481
3 A TECHNIQUE ECONOMY ANALYSIS ON TWO DEDUSTING APPARATUS 481
4 CONCLUSIONS 483
REFERENCES 483
Application of Electrostatic Fabric Hybrid Particulate Collector 484
1 INTRODUCTION 484
2 APPLICATION OF EFPC 484
2.1 Application Of COHPAC in America 484
2.2 Application of COHPAC in China 485
2.2.1 Zhejiang Juhong Coal-fired Power Plant with 135 MW 485
2.2.2 Dongguang Jiulong Paper Industry Coal-fired Plant 210 MW 485
2.2.3 Tianjing Chentang Coal-Fired Plant 50 MW Unit Capacity 486
3 SUITABLE CONDITIONS FOR EFPC 486
3.1 Costs of Precipitator 486
3.2 Management of Precipitator 486
4 CONCLUTIONS 486
REFERENCES 486
Application of ControlLogix in Remote Monitoring System of ESP-FF Hybrid Precipitator 487
1 INTRODUCTION 487
2 CONTROL SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND HARDWARE ORGANIZATION 487
3 HOT STANDBY REDUNDANT CONFIGURATION OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM 488
3.1 Double-CPU, Double-power Supply and Doubleframework 488
3.2 Redundant EtherNet/IP Network Communication 488
4 SOFTWARE CONSTITUTE OF THE SYSTEM 489
4.1 Upper Machine Monitoring Software of the System 489
4.2 Communication Software—RsLinx 489
4.3 Alias Topic Switcher Software 490
4.4 Field Control Sofeware 490
5 CONCLUSIONS 490
REFERENCES 490
Numerical Simulation on a Hybrid Electrostatic-Bag Precipitator 491
1 INTRODUCTION 491
2 NUMERICAL MODEL 491
2.1 Geometry Configuration 491
2.2 Model and Boundary Conditions 492
2.3 Grid Generation and Verification 492
2.4 Cases Studied 492
2.5 Results and Discussions 492
3 CONCLUSIONS 494
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 494
REFERENCES 494
Wet Electrostatic Precipitation 495
Evaluation of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys for Wet Electrostatic Precipitator 496
1 INTRODUCTION 496
2 TEST MATERIALS AND EVALUATION METHOD 496
3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 496
3.1 Electrochemical Measurements [3] 496
3.2 SCC Test [4] 497
3.3 Crevice Corrosion Test 497
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 497
4.1 Electrochemical Measurements 497
4.2 SCC Test 497
4.3 Primary Selection of Materials 498
4.4 Crevice Corrosion Test 498
5 CONCLUSIONS 498
REFERENCES 499
Wet ESP for the Collection of Submicron Particles, Mist and Air Toxics 500
1 INTRODUCTION 500
2 DESIGN DESCRIPTION 500
3 WHY WET ESP 501
4 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 501
5 INCINERATION EMISSION CONTROL 502
5 ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES 502
5.1 Retort Oil Shale 502
5.2 Coal/Wood Gasification 502
6 SO2 SCRUBBING PROCESSES 505
6.1 Paper Industry 505
6.3 Cogeneration 505
6.4 Metal Smelting 505
6.5 Acid Plants 505
7 NON-FERROUS METALS INDUSTRY 505
7.1 Zirconium Calcining 506
7.2 Silver/Gold Refining 506
7.3 Molybdenum Roaster 506
7.4 Nickel Recovery 506
8 STEEL INDUSTRY 506
8.1 Scarfing 506
8.2 Sintering 507
8.3 Coke Oven Exhaust 507
9 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 507
9.1 Sulfuric Acid Plants 507
9.2 Sulfonation Plants 507
10 CONCLUSIONS 507
Industrial Applications for Coal-fired Boilers 508
A Discussion about Strategy of Flue Gas Dust Removal for Indian Coal Fired Boiler 509
1 INTRODUCTION 509
2 CHARACTERISTIC OF INDIAN COAL AND ASH 509
3 COMPARISON OF MODE OF DUST REMOVAL 510
3.1 Electrostatic Precipitators 510
3.2 Flue Gas Conditioning 510
3.3 EFOIP of Longking Type 511
4 DISCUSSION ABOUT STRATEGY OF MODE OF DUST REMOVAL 511
4.1 Analysis of Feasibility and Reliability 511
4.2 Analysis of Capital Investment and Operation cost 511
4.3 Strategy of Dust Removal 512
5 BRIEF SUMMARYS 512
REFERENCES 512
Assessment of Hot ESPs as Particulate Collector for Oxy-coal Combustion and CO2 Capture 513
1 THE OXY-COAL CONCEPT 513
2 EXPERIENCE WITH HOT ESPS FOR AIR FIRING 515
3 USAGE OF COLD ESPS FOR HIGH RESISTIVITY CONDITIONS 516
4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR USING HOT ESPS FOR OXY-COAL COMBUSTION 516
5 SUMMARY 517
REFERENCES 517
Recent Application and Running Cost of Moving Electrode type Electrostatic Precipitator 518
1 INTRODUCTION 518
2 MOVING ELECTRODE TYPE ESP 518
3 RECENT APPLICATION OF MOVING ELECTRODE TYPE ESP 519
3.1 Supply Record 519
3.2 Application in China 519
4 MODERN GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR COAL FIRED BOILER 520
4.1 Dust Collection 520
4.2 Sulfuric Acid Mist Collection 521
5 RUNNING COST OF MOVING ELECTRODE TYPE ESP 521
6 CONCLUSIONS 522
REFERENCES 522
Retrofit of Capacity Expansion for ESPs of Boiler 2# of Aiyis Power Plant in Jiaozuo 523
1 INTRODUCTION 523
2 ORIGINAL DESIGN PARAMETERS 524
3 OPERATING CONDITION BEFORE RETROFIT 524
4 RETROFIT PLAN 524
4.1 Dust Feature 524
4.2 Design Parameters after Retrofit 524
5 Retrofit Work 525
6 RETROFITTING EFFECT 526
7 EPILOGUE 526
REFERENCES 526
Study on Improving the Performance of Electrostatic Precipitator in the Large-scale Semi-dry Flue Gas Desulfurization System 527
1 INTRODUCTION 527
2 DESCRIPTION OF DESULFURIZATION AND DE- DUSTING SYSTEM 527
3 THE EFFECT FACTORS ON ESP PERFORMANCE 527
3.1 Dust Specific Resistivity 527
3.2 Dust Concentration 529
3.3 Gas Humidity 529
3.4 Dust Cleaning Mode 529
3.5 Power Supply 529
4 THE MEASURES TO IMPROVE ESP PERFOR- MANCE 529
4.1 Improving the ESP Performance from Design 529
4.2 Improving the ESP Performance from Installation 530
4.3 Improving the ESP Performance from Operation 530
5 CONCLUSIONS 530
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 530
REFERENCES 530
Analysis and Countermeasures for Fly-ash Feature from Zhungeer Coal with Electrostatic Precipitation 531
1 INTRODUCTION 531
2 CHARACTERISTIC OF ASH RROM ZHUNGEER COAL 531
3 CONDITIONS OF RELATIVE TESTS AND ENGI- NEERING APPLICATION 532
3.1 Test Situation of Different Field’s Gas Velocity and SCA 532
3.2 Application Example of Project at a Generating Unit with 330 MW 532
3.3 Effect of Operation Mode 532
3.4 Influence of Boiler’s Firing Mode 532
4 CONCLUSIONS 533
REFERENCES 533
High Dust Concentration ESP for Coal-fired Boiler of 300 MW Generator 534
1 INTRODUCTION 534
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF POSTPOSITIVE ESP 535
4 THE MEASURES ON HIGH DUST CONCENTRA- TION 535
4.1 Pre-collection 535
4.2 The Selection of Plate and Wire Electrode 535
4.3 Gas Distribution in the Field 535
4.4 Points for Attention in Low Temperature ESP Opera- tion 535
5 ASH HANDLING SYSTEM 535
5.1 Hopper 535
5.2 Ash Handling under the Hopper 536
6 RAPPING SYSTEM 536
7 SIZING OF THE ESP 536
8 THE T/R SET AND CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE ESP 536
9 SUMMARY 536
REFERENCES 536
ESP Application on Combustion of High-sulfur Heavy Crude Oil 537
1 INTRODUCTION 537
2 OIL QUALITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUE GAS AND DUST 537
2.1 Oil Qualities 537
2.2 Characteristics of Flue Gas and Dust 537
2.3 Fly Ash Characteristics after Dry FGD 537
3 DESIGN OF ESP 538
3.1 Project Situation 538
3.2 Guarantee of Dust Emission 538
3.3 Guarantee of Anti-erosion and Security 538
3.4 The Guarantee of Anti-erosion and Security 538
4 ESP OPERATION AND PROBLEMS 538
4.1 General Operation 538
4.2 Other Problems 539
5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 539
REFERENCES 539
Regarding the Selection, Operation and Maintenance of Booster Fan 540
1 INTRODUCTION 540
2 THE ARRANGEMENT OF FAN 540
3 THE TYPES OF FAN 540
4 THE TYPE SELECTION OF FAN 541
5 THE STARTING AND OPERATION OF BOOSTER FAN 541
6 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 542
REFERENCES 542
The Application Practices of the Double-zone ESP in Coal-fired Power Plant 543
1 INTRODUCTION 543
2 WIRE-PLATE FORM OF DOUBLE-ZONE ESP AND DOUBLE-ZONE ELECTRIC FIELD CHARACTERIS- TICS 544
2.1 Wire-plate Form 544
2.2 Characteristics of the Double-zone Electric Field 544
3 APPLICATION EXPERIENCES 544
3.1 Application in 2×300MW Unit 544
3.2 Improvement Coefficient 545
3.3 The Application In Another 300 MW Unit Power Plant 546
3.4 Application Experiences 546
4 ECONOMICAL EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS 546
4.1 Floor Space and Steel Consumption 546
4.2 Electricity Consumption 546
5 CONCLUSIONS 546
REFERENCES 546
Industrial Applications for Steel Industries 547
Successful Application of Longking BF-ESP Technology in Brazil GA Steel Plant 548
1 INTRODUCTION 548
2 PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS 548
3 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND GUA- RANTEE MEASURES 548
3.1 Gas Characteristics Of Sinter Machine 548
Dust concentration 549
Dust diameter 549
Dust density 549
Dust component 549
3.2 Technical Characteristic 549
3.3 Technical Guarantee Measures 550
Selecting model with reasonable lectotype is a precondition to guarantee the collection efficiency 550
Calculate scientifically to ensure structural security 550
Simulate gas flow in the fields to guarantee the uniformity 550
Add groovy channel plates at the end of the fields to upgrade collection efficiency 551
Reduce air leakage rate of ESP 551
Ensure the heating and thermal insulation for hopper 551
Take full advantage of the electromechanical predomi- nance of our company and adopt corresponding technical guarantee measures to the electrical equipments 551
REFERENCES 551
Characteristics and Technical Improvement Investigation of Electrostatic Precipitator before Sintering Machine 552
1 INTRODUCTION 552
2 CHARACTERIATICS OF ESP BEFORE SINTERING MACHINE 552
2.1 Characteristics of ESP before Sintering Machine 552
2.1.1 High negative pressure: 16000 Pa-23000 Pa 552
2.1.2 High resistivity dust (1011 .cm O -1013 .cm O ) is 
552 
2.1.3 Fine particle with high content of K2O, Na2O is light and easy to lead to re-entrainment 552
3 REASONS FOR OVER EMISSION 553
3.1 Sintering Material in China 553
3.2 Velocity is too High 553
3.3 Influence of Air Leakage 553
3.4 Dust Recovery 553
4 BY ANALYZING OF OVER EMISSION REASONS, WE NEED TO IOMPROVE THE SINTERING ESP BOTH IN DESIGN AND SINTERING PROCESS 553
4.1 Anti-deformation Technology 553
4.2 Precharge Technology in Sintering ESP 554
4.3 Compound Raping and Ejector Pins Technology in Anode Plate 554
4.4 Special Raping and Transmission technology on Negative Plate 554
4.5 Airflow Uniform Technology of Air Inlet 554
4.6 Reducing Air Leaking Points and Decrease the Leakage Rate 554
4.7 Setting Intercepting Device 554
4.7.1 Designed position of intercepting device 554
4.7.2 Material selection for the intercepting device 554
4.7.3 Design of raping device 555
4.7.4 Hot air blowing and unloading system 555
4.8 Improvement of Sintering Progress 555
5 CONCLUSIONS 555
REFERENCES 555
Testing and Analysis of Coal Gas Dehydration Equipment in Combined Cycle Power Plant 556
1 INTRODUCTION 556
2 EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM 556
2.1 Experiment Equipment 556
2.2 TESTING PRINCIPLE 557
3 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 557
3.1 Dehydration Effect under Different Load 557
3.2 Dehydration Effect of Different Operating Voltage 557
3.3 Dehydration Effect of Different Water Pressure 558
3.4 Dehydration Effect of Different Water Flow Rate 558
3.5 Dehydration Effect of Different inlet Gas's Mist 558
4 PARAMETER SELECTION AND OPTIMIZATION 558
5 CONCLUSIONS 559
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 559
REFERENCES 559
FGD and SCR for Coal-fired Power Plants 560
Development of New Gas Cleaning System with Salt Solution Spray 561
1 INTRODUCTION 561
2 FEATURES OF SALT SOLUTION SPRAY 562
3 TEST RESULTS 563
4 PERFORMANCE FOR COMMERCIAL PLANT 563
5 SUMMARY 564
REFERENCES 564
Numerical Investigation of the Entire Boiler System with SCR De-NOx Reactor 565
1 INTRODUCTION 565
2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE BOILER SYSTEM 565
2.1 Case-study Boiler 565
2.2 Model Construction and Meshing 566
3 MATHEMATICAL MODELING 566
3.1 Heat Exchanger Model 567
3.2 Fan Model 567
4 RESULTS: VALIDATION AND DISCUSSION 567
5 CONCLUSIONS 569
REFERENCES 569
Research on Complex Multi-pollutants Control Technology in a Large-scale Coal-fired Power Plant 570
1 INTRODUCTION 570
2 SYSTEM AND MERCURY SAMPLING METHOD 570
2.1 Desulphurization and Denitrification System 570
2.2 OH Method 570
3 TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 571
3.1 The Desulphurization Test Results 571
3.2 The Denitrification Test Results 571
3.3 Test Results of Mercury Removal 571
4 CONCLUTIONS 573
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 573
REFERENCES 573
New Concept of CFB Boiler with FGD 574
1 INTRODUCTION 574
2 PROCESS 574
3 TECHNICAL FEATURES 574
4 APPLICATIONS OF CFB BOILER WITH CFB-FGD 575
5 CONCLUSIONS 575
REFERENCES 575
Dry FGD Technology Research and Application in Steel Sintering 576
1 INTRODUCTION 576
1.1 Mechanism and Process Flow Diagram 576
1.2 Mainly Technology Data 577
1.3 Layout of System 577
2 OPERATION CONDITION 577
3 CONCLUSIONS 578
REFERENCES 578
Design and Application of Inlet Nozzle of Dry Desulphurization ESP 579
1 INTRODUCTION 579
2 FLUE-GAS CHARACTER OF CFB-FGD 579
3 DESIGN OF INLET NOZZLE OF ESP ZAFTER DESULPHURIZATION 579
3.1 Setting of Guidance Plates 579
3.2 Pre-removal Equipment 580
3.3 Design of Gas Distribution Device 580
4 MODEL EXPERIMENT AND LOCALE TESTING 580
4.1 Test of Pilot-scale ESP 580
4.2 Gas Distribution Testing on Site 581
5 CONCLUSIONS 582
REFERENCES 582
The Proposal Comparison of Absorbent Preparation System of Wet Limestone-gypsum Flue Gas Desulphurization Process 583
1 SUMMARY 583
2 BASIC PARAMETERS 583
3 THE PROPOSAL OF ABSROBENT PREPARATION AND SUPPLY SYSTEM 583
3.1 proposal 1: Using Limestone Powder to Prepare Slurry with Water 583
3.2 Proposal 2: Using Limestone Block to Prepare Slurry with Dry Mill and Water 583
3.3 Proposal 3: Using Limestone Block to Prepare Slurry with Wet Mill and Water 584
3.4 The cost-effectiveness Analysis of 3 Proposals 585
3.4.1 Operation Comparison of Dry Mill and Wet Mill 585
3.4.2 Main Equipment Comparison of 3 Proposals (Table 2) 585
3.4.3 Comparison of 3 Proposals on First Investment and Annual Operation Cost (Table 3) 585
4 CONCLUSIONS 586
4.1 Performance Comparison of 3 Proposals 586
4.2 Conclusions 586
Economic Analysis of Wet Flue Gas Desulphurization Project Operation 587
1 INTRODUCTION 587
2 FGD SYSTEM 587
2.1 The Principle 587
2.2 FGD System Configuration 587
2.3 Main Parameters of FGD System (Table 1) 587
3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 587
3.1 Water Cost 587
3.2 Labor Cost 588
3.3 Limestone Cost 588
3.4 Maintenance Cost / Other Costs 589
3.5 Capital Cost 589
3.6 Electrical Cost 589
3.7 Cost/expense analysis 589
4. CONCLUSIONS 590
EFERENCES 590
Discussion on the Mechanism of Semi-Dry Desulphurization 591
1 INTRODUCTION 591
2 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE FOUR SEMI-DRY DESULPHUR- IZATION TECHNICS 591
2.1 Reaction Time 591
2.2 Ratio of Calcium to Sulphur (Ca/S) 592
2.3 Operation Temperature 593
2.4 Compatibility to the Coal of Various Sulfur Concentr- ation 593
3 APPLICATION 593
Analysis on Chimney Inner Wall Anti-corrosion in GGH Eliminated Wet Desulfurization System 595
1 INTRODUCTION 595
2 INFLUENCE OF DESULFURIZATION TECHNICS ON CHIMNEY CORROSION 595
3 MAIN FACTOR FOR CHIMNY CORRSION 595
3.1 Production of Corrosive Medium 595
3.2 Chimney Internal Pressure 595
3.3 Structure defects of chimney 596
4 CHIMNEY ANTI-CORROSION 596
4.1 Anti-Corrosion in Foreign Country 596
4.2 Anti-Corrosion in China 596
4.2.1 Multi-cylinder or Bushing Type Chimney 596
4.2.2 Anti-corrosion of Single Cylinder Chimney 597
5 CONCLUSIONS 598
REFERENCES 599
Simultaneous Removal of SO2 and NO2 by Wet Scrubbing Using Aqueous Limestone Slurry 600
1 INTRODUCTION 600
2 EXPERIMENTAL 600
3 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 600
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 601
4.1 Effect of Inlet NO2 Concentration on SO2 Removal 601
4.2 Effect of Inlet SO2 Concentration on NO2 Removal 601
4.3 Effect of Temperature on SO2 and NO2 Removal 601
4.4 Effect of O2 Content on SO2 and NO2 Removal 602
4.5 Effect of Additives on SO2 and NO2 Removal 602
5 CONCLUSIONS 603
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 603
REFERENCES 603
Study on Mid-temperature SCR DeNOx Catalyst under High SO2 and CaO 604
1 INTRODUCTION 604
2 EXPERIMENT 604
2.1 Experiment Set 604
2.2 SCR Catalyst 605
2.3 Experiment Condition and Scope 605
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 605
3.1 SCR Reaction Character and Temperature Influence 605
3.2 Ratio of NH3/NOx Influence on DeNOx 605
2.3 GHSV on DeNOx Efficiency 606
2.4 NOx Concentration on DeNOx Efficiency 606
2.5 O2 Concentration on DeNOx Efficiency 606
2.6 SO2 Concentration on DeNOx Efficiency 606
2.7 H2O concentration on DeNOx efficiency 606
2.8 Toxic Study of Alkali Metal 607
2.9 High CaO on DeNOx Efficiency 607
2.10 Deteriorate Life time of Catalysts 607
3 CONCLUSIONS 608
REFERENCES 608
Research and Application of Numerical Calculation methods in SCR DeNOx Reactor & Duct Design
1 INTRODUCTION 609
2 CASE AND MODEL 609
3 NUMERICAL SIMULATION BASED ON FEA AND CFD 609
3.1 Finite Element Model for Structure Analysis 610
3.1.1 Geometry Modeling 610
3.1.2 Finite Element Model and Analysis 610
3.1.3 Results Discussion 610
3.2 CFD Simulation for Gas Flow 611
3.2.1 Flow Conditioning Devices 611
3.2.2 Results Discussion 611
4 KEY POINTS FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 613
5 CONCLUSIONS 613
6 REFERENCE 613
Retrofit Project of 2×100 MW Units in Yushe Power Plant, Shanxi Province Using Two Boilers-One CFB FGD 614
1 INTRODUCTION 614
2 GENERAL SITUATION OF PROJECT 614
2.2 Gas Parameters 615
2.3 Analysis of Absorbent 615
3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROJECT 615
4 THE GENERAL LAYOUT 615
5 BASIC INFORMATION OF THE PROCESS 615
5.1 Process Flow 615
5.2 Design Data 616
6 COMMISSIONING AND TRIAL OPERATION 616
6.1 Brief Introduction 616
6.2 Targets 616
6.3 Control System (see in Fig. 4) 616
7 CONCLUSIONS 616
REFERENCES 617
Design and Application of the Dry-FGD Process in Sanming Steel No.2 Sintering Plant 618
1 INTRODUCTION 618
2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SINTER FLUE GAS AND DECISION OF THE SCHEME 618
3 PRINCIPAL AND PROCESS OF DRY-TYPE-FGD FOR SINTER FLUE GAS DESULPHURIZATION 619
3.1 Principal 619
3.2 Design Conditions 619
3.3 Design Data 620
3.4 Plant Description 620
3.5 Operation Condition and Expense 620
3.6 Cost 620
4 CONCLUSIONS 621
REFERENCES 621
The Fouling Characteristics and Comparative Analysis of Cleaning Technology of SCR 622
1 INTRODUCTION 622
2 FOULING PROPERTIES 622
3 THE IMPACT ON CATALYST 623
4 THE COMPARISON OF THE TWO SOOTBLOWERS 623
The utilization status 623
Mechanism 623
The effect of blowing 623
Capital investment Initial investment 623
The operation and maintenance cost 623
The others 623
5 ACOUSTIC RESEARCH METHODS 623
6 CONCLUSIONS 624
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 624
REFERENCES 624
Non-Thermal Plasmas 625
AC/DC Power Modulation for Corona Plasma Generation 626
1 INTRODUCTION 626
2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 626
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 627
4 CONCLUSIONS 629
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 629
6 REFERENCE 629
Development of the PPCP Technology in IEPE 630
1 INTRODUCTION 630
2 PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES 630
3 KEY EQUIPMENTS 631
3.1 Pulsed Powers 631
3.2 Plasma Reactors 632
3.3 By-product Catcher 632
4 DEVELOPING PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES 632
4.1 Activated Vapor and Ammonia 632
4.2 Additional Catalyzers 633
5 OTHER EQUIPMENTS 633
6 MATCH BETWEEN PULSED POWER AND REACTOR 633
7 FURTHER STUDY AND SUGGESTIONS 634
REFERENCES 634
AUTHORS’ ADDRESS 634
Non-thermal Plasma Processing for Dilute VOCs Decomposition Combined with the Catalyst 635
1 INTRODUCTION 635
2 EXPERIMENTAL 636
2.1 Experimental System 636
2.1 Catalyst 636
2.3 Plasma Reactor 636
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 636
3.1 Electrical Power Consumption 636
3.2 TCE (Trichloethylene) Decomposition 637
3.3 Byproduct Analysis 637
3.4 Carbon Balance 639
4 CONCLUSIONS 639
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 639
REFERENCES 639
Performance Characteristics of Pilot-Scale NOx Removal from Boiler Emission Using Plasma-chemical Process 641
1 INTRODUCTION 641
1.1 Experimental Setup 641
1.2 Experimental Results 642
Flue gas properties and ozone performance 642
Effect of ORP and pH on NOx removal efficiency 643
Effect of gas and liquid mass flow rates on NOx removal 644
Continuous operation of the plasma chemical hybrid system 644
2 SUMMARY 645
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 645
REFERENCES 645
Experimental Investigation on Styrene Emission with a 1000m3/h Plasma System 646
1 INTRODUCTION 646
2 EXPERIMENTS 646
Reactor and Power Supply 646
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 647
3.1 Corona Modes 647
3.2 Humidity & Initial Concentrations
3.3 Byproducts 648
4 CONCLUSIONS 649
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 649
REFERENCES 649
Streamer Corona Plasmas and NO Removal 650
1 INTRODUCTION 650
2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 650
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 650
4 CONCLUSIONS 653
REFERENCES 653
Influence of Ratio of NO/NO2 on NOx Removal using DBD with Urea Solution 654
1 INTRODUCTION 654
1.1 Measuremental Setup 654
NOx removal by DBD with an urea solution 654
Measurement of residual NH3 when using urea solution 655
Influence of ratio of NO/NO2 on NOx removal 655
Chemical reaction equation during NOx removal 655
1.2 Results and Discussion 655
Improvement of NOx removal by adding urea solution 655
Influence of ratio of NO/NO2 on NOx removal 656
2 CONCLUSIONS 657
REFERENCES 657
Catalysis-assisted Decomposition of Aqueous 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene by Pulsed High Voltage Discharge Process 658
1 INTRODUCTION 658
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 658
2.1 The Reactor System 658
2.2 Experimental Methods 659
2.3 Sample Analysis 659
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 659
3.1 Effect of Initial pH Value 659
3.2 Effect of Different TNT Concentrations 659
3.3 Decomposition of TNT by Discharge with Catalysis 659
3.3.1 Effect of Fe2+ on TNT Removal 659
3.3.2 Effect of H2O2 Addition 660
3.4 Connection with TNT and COD Degradation Efficiency 660
4 CONCLUSIONS 660
REFERENCES 660
Plasma-catalytic Removal of Formaldehyde in Atmospheric Pressure Gas Streams 662
1 INTRODUCTION 662
2 EXPERIMENTAL 662
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 663
3.1 Synergistic Effects between the Plasma and Catalyst in HCHO and CO Oxidation 663
3.2 HCHO Specific Energy Consumption Per HCHO Molecule Converted 664
4 CONCLUSIONS 665
5 REFERENCE 665
Relationship between Discharge Electrode Geometry and Ozone Concentration in Electrostatic Precipitator 667
1 INTRODUCTION 667
2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 667
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 668
3.1 Characteristic of Saw Tip Angle 668
3.2 Characteristic of Numbers of Saw-tooth 669
4 CONCLUSIONS 670
REFERENCES 670
Study of Carbon Monoxide Oxidation by Discharge 671
1 INTRODUCTION 671
2 EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM 671
2.1 Discharge Reactors 672
2.2 Characteristic of Carbon Monoxide Conversion by DBD 672
2.3 Characteristic of Carbon Monoxide Conversion by One-stage Wire Corona Discharge 672
2.4 Characteristic of Carbon Monoxide Conversion by Two-stage Wire Corona Discharge 672
2.5 Characteristic of Carbon Monoxide Conversion Efficiency 673
3 CONCLUSIONS 673
4 REFERENCE 673
Application of a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor for Diesel PM Removal 674
1 INTRODUCTION 674
2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 674
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 675
3.1 Typical Waveforms of Voltage and Current 675
3.2 Energy Injection Per Pulse 675
3.3 PM Removal 675
3.4 Pressure Loss 676
4 CONCLUSIONS 677
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 677
REFERENCES 677
Catalyst Size Impact on Non-Thermal Plasma Catalyst Assisted deNOx Reactors 678
1 INTRODUCTION 678
2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHOD 678
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 679
3.1 Correlation between Input Power and Diameter of Catalyst Particles 679
3.2 Correlation between Discharge Power and the Diameter of Catalyst Particles 679
4 CORRELATION BETWEEN NOX REMOVAL RATIO AND CATALYST PARTICLE DIAMETER 680
5 CONCLUSIONS 681
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 681
REFERENCES 681
The Study on Series of Copper Catalyst in the Reactor of Dielectric Barrier Discharge to Remove NOx 682
1 INTRODUCTION 682
2 EXPERIMENT 682
2.1 Experimental Medicine and Instruments 682
2.2 Preparation of Catalyst 682
2.3 Experimental Method 683
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 683
3.1 The Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge on Catalyst Reaction 683
3.2 Catalyst SEM Analysis 685
4 CONCLUSIONS 686
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 686
REFERENCES 686
VOC Removal Using Adsorption and Surface Discharge 687
1 INTRODUCTION 687
2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND METHOD 687
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 688
3.1 Toluene Adsorption Process 688
3.2 Thermal Desorption Process 688
3.3 Toluene Removal with the Surface Discharge 689
3.4 Total Toluene Decomposition Process 689
4 CONCLUSIONS 690
REFERENCES 690
A Novel Concept of Remediation of Polluted Streams Using High Energy Density Glow Discharge (HEDGe) 691
1 INTRODUCTION 691
2 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY 691
3 EXPECTED RESULTS, CRITERIA AND BENEFITS 694
4 CHALLENGES 694
REFERENCES 694
Gaseous Elemental Mercury Oxidation by Non-thermal Plasma 696
1 INTRODUCTION 696
2 EXPERIMENTAL 696
2.1 Experiment Setup 696
2.2 Experiment Method 697
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 697
3.1 Effect of Applied Voltage on Elemental Mercury Oxidation 697
3.2 Effect of Tooth Wheel Number on Elemental Mercury Oxidation 697
3.3 Effect of Inlet CO2 Concentration on Elemental Mercury Oxidation 698
3.4 Effect of Inlet SO2 Concentration on Elemental Mercury Oxidation 699
3.5 Effect of Inlet NO Concentration on Elemental Mercury Oxidation 699
4 CONCLUSIONS 700
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 700
REFERENCES 700
A Multiple-switch Technology for High-power Pulse Discharging 701
1 INTRODUCTION 701
2 PRINCIPLE OF THE TECHNOLOGY 702
3 AN EFFICIENT 10-SWITCH PROTOTYPE 702
3.1 Charging Inductors 703
3.2 Spark Gap Switches 703
3.3 The TLT 703
3.4 Compact Design 704
3.5 Output Characteristics 704
4 CONCLUSIONS 704
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 705
REFERENCES 705
Humidity and Oxygen Effects on Dimethyl Sulfide Decomposition Plasma Corona Reactor 706
1 INTRODUCTION 706
2 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 706
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 707
3.1 Influence of Humidity on Decomposition of DMS 707
3.2 Decomposition of DMS in O2/N2 707
3.3 Influence of Oxygen Concentration on Product 708
4 CONCLUSIONS 708
REFERENCES 708
The Mechanism of Naphthalene Decomposition in Corona Radical Shower System by DC Discharge 710
1 INTRODUCTION 710
2 EXPERIMENT SYSTEM AND SETUP 710
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 711
3.1 The Effect of Applied Voltage 711
3.2 The Effect of Humidity and Catalyst 711
3.3 The Analysis Of By-products 712
3.4 The Analysis of Decomposing Process of Naphthalene 712
4 CONCLUSIONS 713
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 714
REFERENCES 714
Surface Modification of Polestar Fabrics by Non-thermal Plasma for Improving Hydrophilic Properties 715
1 INTRODUCTION 715
2 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 715
2.1 Wettability Measurements (Vertical Drag Method) 716
2.2 XPS Measurements 716
2.3 Surface Morphology Analysis 716
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 716
3.1 Probe Measurements 716
3.2 Hydrophilic Behavior 716
3.3 XPS analysis - Atomic Concentration 717
3.3.1 Untreated Polyester 717
3.3.2 Plasma treated Polyester 717
3.4 Quantitative Data of the XPS Curve: Atomic Concentra-tion (shown in Table 1, Fig. 3)) 717
3.5 Group Concentration (shown in Table 2) 718
3.6 Morphology Studies 718
4 CONCLUSIONS 719
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 719
REFERENCES 719
Predictive Model of Nonequilibrium Plasma Decontamination Efficiency for Gaseous Pollutant 720
1 INTRODUCTION 720
2 PREDICTIVE MODEL OF NEP DECONTAMINATION EFFICIENCY 720
3 VALIDATION AND IMPROVEMENT FOR PREDICTIVE MODEL OF DECONTAMINATION EFFICIENCY 721
3.1 Ef of Chemical Bond 721
3.2 Validation for Predictive Model of Decontamination Efficiency 721
3.3 Improvement for Predictive Model of Decontamination Efficiency 722
4 CONCLUSIONS 723
5 REFERENCE 723
Applied Electrostatics 724
Application Study of Electrostatic Precipitation with Earthed Atomizing Discharges 725
1 INTRODUCTION 725
2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS 725
3 COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION ON POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATOMIZING 726
3.1 Influence of Earthed Atomizing Corona Discharges on Ionization Region 726
3.2 Influence of Atomizing Droplets on Electric Field Distribution 726
3.3 Influence of Water Supplying on Atomizing Droplets 726
4 COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION ON EARTHED ATOMIZING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CORONA DISCHARGES AND THEIR REMOVING DUST EFFICIENCIES 727
REFERENCES 727
Integrated Clarification Technology for De-dusting, Desulfurization and Odor Elimination Preposed-spraying-screen Static Electrical Soot Remover 729
1 FORMATION CAUSE AND CHARACTERISTIC OF FINE DUST OF LOW SPECIFIC RESISTANCE 729
2 ANALYSIS OF CAUSES: LOW EFFICIENCY OF TRADITIONAL ESP AND OTHER DUST REMOVAL PROCESS WHEN DEALING WITH LOW SPECIFIC RESISTANCE DUST 729
3 INTRODUCTION OF PREPOSED-SPRAYING SCREEN-ELECTROSTATIC SOOT REMOVER (SOOT REMOVER FOR SHORT IN THE FOLLOWING) PROCESS 730
4 OPERATION SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SOOT REMOVER TECHNOLOGY 731
5 INTRODUCTION OF PRACTICAL PROJECT 732
6 PROSPECT OF TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION 732
REFERENCES 732
Introduction of High Precision Charging Technique Applied in Pulsed Magnetron Modulator for Industrial Computerized Tomography System 733
1 INTRODUCTION 733
2 PRINCIPLE 733
3 EXPERIMENT RESULT 734
4 CONCLUSIONS 735
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 735
REFERENCES 735
Discrepant ESD-CDM Test System and Failure Yield Prediction between ESD Association and JEDEC Standards 736
1 INTRODUCTION 736
2 DISCREPANT ESD-CDM TEST SYSTEM BETWEEN ESDA AND JEDEC STANDARDS 736
3 CORRELATION OF STRESS CONDITION 738
4 CONCLUSIONS 739
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 739
REFERENCES 739