Uninterruptible Power Supplies

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CHAPTER ONE: Standby and Power Generating Sets Introduction The Generating Set and Its Supporting Systems The Power Rating Classification of Diesel Engine Driven Generating Sets The Power Unit Alternating Current Generators Voltage Regulators Speed Governors Voltage and Frequency Performance Classes for Diesel Engine-Driven Sets Starting Mechanisms Fuel Systems Engine Cooling Systems Engine Room Ventilation Exhaust Systems Control Systems Remote Control and Monitoring Location of Equipment Bibliography CHAPTER TWO: Interconnecting the Standby and Normal Supplies Introduction Separating the Essential and Nonessential Loads Use of Multiple Generating Sets Interconnections with the Normal Supply The Generator Voltage The Electricity Supply Regulations 1988 Engineering Recommendation G.59/1 Earthing the Neutral of the Standby Supply Neutral Connections for Single Sets Not Intended to Run in Parallel with the Normal Supply Neutral Connections for Multiple Sets Not Intended to Run with the Normal Supply Paralleling the Standby and Normal Supplies Overcurrent Protection of the Standby Supply Switchgear Bibliography CHAPTER THREE: Additional Information Relating to the Standby Supply Installation Introduction Sizing the Engine and Generator Reliability and Redundancy Routine Test Runs Kilowatts, Kilovars, and the Harmonic Components of the Load Current Characteristics of Particular Loads Vibration Noise 108 Safe Working Procedures Bibliography CHAPTER FOUR: Harmonic Distortion of the Supply Acknowledgment Nonlinear Loads and Current Distortion Harmonics Generated by Bridge Rectifiers The Effect of a Bridge Rectifier on a Supply System The Effect of Bridge Rectifier Loads on Local Generators Reduction of Distortion Due to Rectifier Loads Switched Mode Power Supplies Bibliography CHAPTER FIVE: Static Uninterruptible Power Supplies Definition Background Basic Design Subassemblies Rectifiers Harmonics and Effect on Design Inverters Types of Loads Typical Specification Static Switches Designs Now Available Monitoring Bibliography CHAPTER SIX: Rotary UPS Systems Definitions Background Rotating Transformer Systems Generator/Clutch/Machine Acknowledgments CHAPTER SEVEN: Batteries Introduction Types of Cell Lead Acid Nickel-Cadmium Cells Comparison of Various Types of Cells Future Trends Bibliography CHAPTER EIGHT: Kinetic Energy as an Alternative Power Source Introduction Circuit Developments Flywheel Type En Vacuo Flywheel Type in Helium CHAPTER NINE: Notes on Systems Installation CHAPTER TEN: Some System Failures: The Light of Experience! Introduction Lack of Ventilation A Bypassed Radiator Lack of Fuel Changeover of Supplies Without a Break Restoration of Supply to an Inertially Loaded Drive Low Transformer Oil Level Due to Low Ambient Temperature Inadequate Protection Against Driving Rain Unconventional Use of a Harmonic Filter An Unstable Power Supply An Overenthusiastic Charging Regime Loose Intercell Connections on a UPS Battery An Unsuccessful Attempt at Cost Reduction Empty Sumps Lack of Cooling Air An Inadequate Supporting Structure INDEX