ESWT and Ultrasound Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System

1 Introduction.- 1.1 ESWT in Orthopedics.- 2 Introduction to Physical Principles of Shock Waves.- 2.1 Discovery of Shock Wave Applications in Medicine.- 2.2 Wave Patterns.- 2.3 Shock Wave Generation Systems.- 2.4 Technology of Shock Wave Generation.- 2.5 Dornier Electromagnetic Shock Wave Emitter (EMSE).- 2.6 Properties of Shock Waves.- 2.7 Shock Wave Focus.- 2.8 Pressure Field.- 2.9 Energy Flux Density and Effective Focal Energy.- 2.10 Aperture Angle.- 2.11 Cavitation.- 2.12 Measuring Methods.- 2.13 Biological Effects of ESWT.- 3 Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Systems.- 3.1 Components of a Typical ESWT System.- 3.2 Targeting Aids for Localization using Patient Feedback.- 3.3 Localization Systems.- 4 Orthopedic Shock Wave Therapy.- 4.1 Energy Levels.- 4.2 Action Mechanism of Shock Wave Therapy.- 4.3 Orthopedic Indications for Shock Wave Therapy.- 4.4 Contraindications.- 4.5 Patient Information.- 5 Localization Techniques.- 5.1 Patient Feedback.- 5.2 Ultrasound.- 5.3 X-ray.- 5.4 Dual Imaging.- 5.5 Comparison of Imaging Procedures.- 6 Application Techniques.- 6.1 Tangential Coupling.- 6.2 Direct Coupling.- 7 Ultrasound Examination - Standard Ultrasound Cross Sectional Planes (DEGUM Recommendations).- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Safety Aspects, Advantages and Disadvantages of Ultrasound Examinations.- 7.3 Technical and Physical Principles of Ultrasound Examinations.- 7.4 Configuration of Ultrasound Systems.- 7.5 Transducers, Imaging.- 7.6 Stand-offs.- 7.7 Artifacts and Phenomena.- 7.8 Important Basic Ultrasound Terms.- 7.9 Special System Adjustments and Problems of Ultrasound Examinations of the Musculoskeletal System.- 7.10 DEGUM Guidelines for Documentation and Evaluation.- 7.11 Typical Ultrasound Presentation of Selected Tissue Structures.- 8 Shoulder.- 8.1 Anatomy andPathology of the Periarticular Structures of the Shoulder.- 8.2 Standard Ultrasound Examination of the Shoulder.- 8.3 Calcific Tendinitis.- 8.4 Results.- 9 Elbow.- 9.1 Standard Ultrasound Examinations of the Elbow.- 9.2 Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis elbow).- 9.3 Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow).- 9.4 Results.- 10 Foot and Ankle Joint.- 10.1 Standard Ultrasound Sectional Planes of the Ankle Joint and Foot.- 10.2 Plantar Fasciitis (Plantar Heel Spur).- 10.3 Results.- 11 Pseudarthrosis.- 11.1 Definition.- 11.2 Pathology.- 11.3 Clinical Diagnosis.- 11.4 Conservative and Surgical Therapy.- 11.5 ESWT.- 11.6 Results.- 12 Additional Literature on ESWT of the Musculoskeletal System.- 13 Additional Literature, Video Tapes and CD-ROMs on Ultrasound Examination of the Musculoskeletal System.