Reliability, Safety and Hazard Assessment for Risk-Based Technologies (eBook)

Preface 6
Advances in Risk Based Technology 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 16
Probabilistic Safety Assessment 18
Estimating Passive System Reliability and Integration into Probabilistic Safety Assessment 19
1 Introduction 20
2 Description of Isolation Condenser System 21
3 Estimation of Passive System Reliability 22
4 Integration of Passive System Reliability into Probabilistic Safety Analysis 24
4.1 Description of Operational Transient 24
4.2 Assessment of System Unavailabilities of Active Systems 25
4.3 Estimation of ‘Core Damage Frequency’ 27
5 Conclusion 28
References 28
PSA Level-2 Study: Estimation of Source Term for Postulated Accidental Release from Indian PHWRs 30
1 Introduction 31
2 Factors Determining Importance of a Radionuclide 31
2.1 Radionuclide Groups 32
2.2 Selection of Important Radionuclides for Accident Study 32
3 Radionuclide Release During Accident 33
3.1 Barriers to Fission Product Release 34
3.2 Release from Fuel 34
3.3 Behavior in PHT System 36
3.4 Behavior in Containment 36
4 Release Category 37
4.1 Preliminary Release Category 37
4.2 Final Release Category 37
5 Assessment of Source Term (Release to Environment) 38
6 Observations 38
7 Conclusion 40
References 41
Comprehensive Safety Analysis of Station Blackout Scenario in TAPS-1& 2
1 Introduction 43
2 Description and Nodalization of SBO Scenario 44
3 Unavailability of Emergency Condenser 45
4 Handling of SBO 46
5 Results and Analysis 46
5.1 Case-1: SBO with Availability of EC on Auto 46
5.2 Case-2: SBO with Manual Initiation of EC After 30 min 48
6 Conclusion 50
References 51
Probabilistic Safety Assessment of a Typical Chemical Process Plant 52
1 Introduction 53
2 Overall Safety Approach 53
2.1 Hydrogen 53
2.2 Chlorine 53
3 Design Safety Features for Hydrogen Handling 54
4 Design Safety Features for Chlorine Handling 54
5 Risk Assessment/Probable Accidental Condition 55
5.1 Failure of Hydrogen Jet Ejector System and Leakage of Hydrogen 55
5.2 Leakage of Chlorine 55
6 Postulated Initiating Events and Its Consequences 56
6.1 PIE1: Hydrogen Leak 56
6.2 PIE3: Leakage of Chlorine 56
7 Event Tree Analysis 56
7.1 Hydrogen Leak 57
7.2 Chlorine Leak 59
8 Conclusions 64
References 65
PSA Level-3 Study—Estimation of Area and Persons Affected for Postulated Accidental Release from Indian PHWR After Implementing Urgent Protective Actions 66
1 Introduction 67
2 Materials and Method 67
2.1 Accident Sequence 67
2.2 Source Term 68
2.3 Population Data 69
2.4 Atmospheric Dispersion 69
2.5 Meteorological Sampling 69
2.6 Exposure Pathways 70
2.7 Countermeasure 70
3 Results and Discussion 70
4 Conclusion 72
References 73
Shutdown Probabilistic Safety Assessment of Boiling Water Reactor 74
1 Introduction 75
2 Objectives and Scope 75
3 Plant Description 76
4 Methodology 76
4.1 Initiating Events and Their Frequency Estimation 77
4.2 Event Sequence Modeling 79
4.3 System Modeling 80
4.4 Assumptions 80
4.5 Human Error Probability 82
4.6 Uncertainty and Importance Analyses 83
5 Results and Conclusions 83
References 85
Probabilistic Safety Assessment of Process Plant Handling Hydrogen and Radioactive Fluid 86
1 Introduction 87
2 Safety Concerns 88
3 Process Description 88
4 Postulated Initiating Events 89
5 Event Tree Development 89
5.1 Radioactivity Leakage in Liquid Form Leading to Activity More Than 250 DAC Inside Plant 89
5.2 Radioactivity Leakage in Gas Form Leading to Activity More Than 250 DAC Inside Plant 90
5.3 Loss of Refrigeration System 91
5.4 Loss of Class IV Power 92
6 Conclusion 94
References 95
Source-Term Prediction During Loss of Coolant Accident in NPP Using Artificial Neural Networks 96
1 Introduction 97
2 Methodology 100
2.1 Feature Selection 100
2.2 Challenges Encountered 101
2.3 Network Architecture 103
3 Results and Conclusions 105
3.1 Prediction of Fission Products 106
3.2 Effect of Noise 106
3.3 Salient Features 108
References 110
Digital Reliability 111
Time-Dependent Short Mode Failures in MLCCs Due to Cracks in the Device Bodies 112
1 Introduction 113
2 A Novel Method for Determination of Cracks in MLCC 114
2.1 Test Results 115
2.2 Discussion 117
3 Mechanism of Short Mode Failure in MLCCs 117
4 Failure Simulation Study on MLCCs 119
4.1 Background 119
4.2 Initial Visual and Electrical Examination of Chosen Components 120
4.3 Thermal Stress Simulation on the Capacitors 120
4.4 Conformal Coating on Selected Capacitors 122
4.5 Test Configurations 122
4.6 Test Set-Up 122
4.7 Test Conditions and Results 123
4.8 Discussion 123
5 Conclusion 129
References 131
Local Orbit Bump Control in Indus-2 Using Intelligent Agents-Based Control for Enhanced System Operability 133
1 Introduction 134
2 Intelligent Agent-Based Orbit Control for Local Bump 135
2.1 Bump Control System Overview 136
2.2 Application Overview 136
2.3 COD Agents, Skill Learning, and Algorithm 137
2.4 System Constraints and Validation Criteria 140
3 Results of Initial Trials of the Scheme 140
4 Conclusions 142
References 142
Reliability Analysis of Smart Pressure Transmitter 144
1 Introduction 145
2 System Architecture of the Smart Transmitter 146
3 MLD Model for Smart Pressure Transmitter 146
3.1 Goal Tree Model 147
3.2 Success Tree Model 147
3.3 Faults and Failures 147
3.4 Master Logic Diagram 148
4 Reliability Analysis 149
4.1 Events for Case Study 150
4.2 Absence of Power Supply, d = 1 150
4.3 Results 151
References 152
Accelerated Failure Time Models with Corrective and Preventive Maintenance for Repairable Systems Subject to Imperfect Repair 153
1 Introduction 153
2 Accelerated Failure Time Models, Inference and Simulation for Repairable Systems 155
2.1 Accelerated Failure Time Models 155
2.2 Estimation of AFT Models 156
2.3 Hypothesis Testing of AFT Models 157
2.4 Simulation with AFT Models 157
3 Application to Cement Plant Roller Mill Failure Data 158
4 Conclusion 161
References 161
Reliability Improvement of Single-Shot Device 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Reliability Demonstration 165
3 Reliability Improvement 165
3.1 Fault Tree Analysis for Non-functioning of Single-Shot Device 166
3.2 Fault Tree Analysis for Premature Functioning of Single-Shot Device 167
4 Results and Discussion 167
5 Conclusion 168
References 168
Reliability Evaluation of Silicon Carbide (SiC) Boost Converter Using Stochastic Model 169
1 Introduction 170
2 Design and Implementation of SiC Boost Converter 171
2.1 SiC Boost Converter and Its Operating Principle 171
2.2 Design Parameters 171
2.3 Simulation of the Proposed Topology 173
3 Stochastic Modelling of Boost Converter 174
3.1 Reliability Analysis 174
3.2 Markov Modelling of SiC Boost Converter 174
3.3 Thermal Analysis of SiC Boost Converter 176
4 Hardware Validation of SiC Boost Converter 180
4.1 Open Loop Operation of SiC Boost Converter with Varying Input Voltage and Switching Frequency 180
4.2 Closed-Loop Operation of SiC Boost Converter with Varying Input Voltage and Switching Frequency 181
5 Comparison of SiC and Si Boost Converter 183
5.1 Temperature Versus On-State Drain Source Resistance Rds(ON) 183
5.2 Switching Frequency Versus Switching Loss 183
5.3 Current and Voltage Ripple 184
6 Conclusion 184
References 185
Application of HALT for Standardization in Aerospace Systems: A Case Study of Relay Contactors 187
1 Introduction 188
2 HALT—Highly Accelerated Life Testing 189
2.1 Introduction 189
2.2 HALT’s Approach 190
2.3 HALT—Stress Application 190
2.4 HALT—Stress Level of Testing 191
2.5 HALT—Where to Stop 191
2.6 HALT—Margin Discovery, at the Core of Halt 191
3 A Case Study of Halt Application Leading to Meeting Standardization Requirement 192
3.1 Introduction 192
3.2 Reason for Using HALT 193
3.3 Selection of Environmental Stresses for HALT Application 193
3.4 Implementation of HALT 193
3.5 HALT—Result 196
3.6 Outcome 197
4 Conclusions 197
References 198
Failure Mode Effect Analysis of Analog Alarm Trip Unit Using Simulation Technique 199
1 Introduction 199
2 Analog Alarm Trip Unit 200
2.1 Blocks of Analog Alarm Trip Unit 200
2.2 Working of ATU 202
3 Failure Mode Effect Analysis 203
3.1 Assumptions Consider During FMEA 204
3.2 Methodology 204
3.3 Failure Modes 205
3.4 Results of Simulations 205
4 Conclusion 208
References 208
Ageing Model for Electrolytic Capacitors Under Thermal Overstress 209
1 Introduction 210
2 Degradation in Electrolytic Capacitors 210
2.1 Mechanisms 210
2.2 Degradation Models 211
2.3 Variation of Capacitance Under Thermal Overstress 211
3 Experimental Validation 212
4 Thermal Overstress Experiments 213
4.1 Thermal Overstress Experiment—1 214
4.2 Thermal Overstress Experiment—2 215
4.3 Thermal Overstress Experiment—3 217
4.4 Thermal Overstress Experiment—4 218
5 The Ageing Model 220
6 Summary and Conclusions 221
References 221
Analytical Modelling of Distributed File Systems (GlusterFS and CephFS) 222
1 Introduction 222
2 Modelling 223
2.1 GlusterFS Behavioural Modelling for Read and Write Operations 223
2.2 CephFS Behavioural Modelling for Read and Write Operation 225
2.3 Validation of Behaviour Model of GlusterFS and CephFS 227
3 Modelling Availability of File Systems using Petri Nets 227
3.1 Petri Net for GlusterFS with Replication Factor 2 228
3.2 Petri Net for CephFS with three OSDs, Replication Factor 2 228
3.3 Analysis of Availability 230
4 Conclusion 231
References 231
Vulnerability Assessment of Authorization System for USB-Based Storage Devices 232
1 Introduction 233
2 Authorization System 233
2.1 USB Device Authorization Techniques 234
2.2 USB Storage Device Identification 234
2.3 Authorization Policy 235
3 Vulnerability Assessment 236
3.1 Authorization Parameters Level 237
3.2 Authorization System Level 239
4 Conclusions 245
References 246
Crypto-Ransomware Detection Using Behavioural Analysis 247
1 Introduction 248
2 Crypto-Ransomware: How It Works 248
3 Detection Mechanisms 249
3.1 Signature-Based Detection 249
3.2 Behaviour-Based Detection 250
4 Dynamic Behaviour Analysis 250
5 Modelling 255
6 Conclusion 258
References 259
Software Reliability Growth as an Offshoot of Verification and Validation Process 260
1 Introduction 260
2 Related Work 261
3 V& V Process of a Mission Critical Software
3.1 Code Walkthrough 262
3.2 Automated Static Analysis 263
3.3 Dynamic Testing 263
4 Process Effectiveness 264
4.1 White Box Adequacy 264
4.2 Black Box Adequacy 265
4.3 Code Walkthrough Score 265
4.4 Automated Static Analysis Score 266
4.5 V& V Adequacy Score
5 Experimental Study 269
5.1 Experiment Design 269
5.2 Results 269
6 Conclusion and Future Work 271
References 271
A Review of Recent Dynamic Reliability Analysis Methods and a Proposal for a Smart Component Methodology 273
1 Introduction 274
2 Existing Methods, Approaches and Tools for Dynamic Reliability 276
2.1 Methods Based on Chapman–Kolmogorov Equation 277
2.2 Monte Carlo Simulation 280
2.3 Dynamic Event Tree (DET) 282
2.4 Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM) 283
2.5 Event Sequence Diagram (ESD) 284
2.6 Dynamic Fault Tree (DFT) 285
2.7 GO-FLOW Methodology 286
2.8 Stochastic Hybrid Automaton (SHA) 286
2.9 Petri Net (PN) 288
2.10 Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) 289
3 Proposal of a Combination of Smart Component Methodology and Monte Carlo Simulation 290
4 Qualitative Comparison of Various Methods 291
5 Conclusion 292
6 Future Developments 293
References 293
Cell-to-Cell Mapping Technique Application for Dynamic Reliability Estimation 298
1 Introduction 298
2 Need for Dynamic PSA 299
3 Types of Interactions in Dynamic PSA 299
3.1 Type 1 Interaction 299
3.2 Type 2 Interactions 300
4 Markov/CCMT Methodology 300
4.1 CCMT Methodology 300
4.2 Markov Methodology 300
4.3 Markov/CCMT Methodology 301
5 Application of the Markov/CCMT Model to the Adapted System 301
6 Conclusion 303
References 303
ARM SoC-Based VME CPU Board Development Using Open-Source Framework for Intelligent Accelerator Control System 304
1 Introduction 304
2 VME CPU Board Features 306
3 Hardware Design 306
4 Software Design 310
5 Test Results 311
6 Conclusion 312
References 313
Architecture-Centric Dependability Analysis for I& C Safety Systems in NPP: A Case Study
1 Introduction 315
2 Preliminaries 316
2.1 Error Model 316
2.2 System Dependability 318
3 Analysis Methodology 318
3.1 Architectural Modeling and Analysis Methodology 318
3.2 Probabilistic Model Checker PRISM 319
4 Case Study 319
4.1 Proposed Architecture of ESFAS 319
4.2 Architectural Model of ESFAS in AADL 321
4.3 Availability Analysis and Results 324
4.4 Reliability Estimation of EFSAS 328
4.5 Results 329
5 Conclusion 330
References 330
Modeling Inhomogeneous Markov Process in Smart Component Methodology 332
1 Introduction 333
2 Component Models and Monte Carlo Sampling in Smart Component Methodology 334
2.1 Smart Component Methodology 334
2.2 Component Models 334
2.3 Component Modeling in SCM 336
2.4 Quantification in SCM 337
3 Single-Component System 337
3.1 SC Model of the Single-Component System 338
3.2 Analytical Validation 338
3.3 Results and Discussions 338
4 Two-Component Parallel and Series Systems 340
4.1 SC Model of the Two-Component System 340
4.2 Results and Discussions 341
5 Three-Component Series–parallel System 343
6 Conclusion 345
References 345
Estimation of Residual Lifespan of Instrumentation & Control (I&
1 Introduction 346
2 Ageing Test Methodology 347
3 Brief Description of the Ageing Research Test Facilities Available in RSD, BARC 348
4 Elongation-at-Break/Tensile Test Facility 349
5 Thermal Ageing Test Chamber 350
6 Thermal Ageing Model 350
7 Case Study and Test Results 351
8 Conclusion 356
References 356
Structural Reliability 357
Finding Reciprocities Between the Intellectual Frames of Resilience Engineering and High Reliability Organizations 358
1 Introduction 359
2 Fundamental Challenges for Epistemically Addressing Sociotechnical Systems and Safety 360
3 Epistemic Linkage 1: “Social” as a Common Metric for Comprehending People and Technologies in Sociotechnical Systems (Theme: Sociological) 362
4 Epistemic Linkage 2: Perspectival View of Human Knowing and Acting in Technological Systems (Theme: Cognitive) 363
5 Epistemic Linkage 3: The Designed Dimension and Engineering Knowledge Involved in Sociotechnical Systems (Theme: Engineering-Based Philosophy) 365
6 Conclusion 366
References 367
Improved Adaptive Response Surface Method for Reliability Analysis of Structures 369
1 Introduction 369
2 Response Surface Method 371
3 A Simple Adaptive DOE Proposal 372
4 Zone-Based Response Surface Application 374
5 Numerical Study 375
5.1 Example 1: A Five-Dimensional (5-D) Standard Test Problem 375
5.2 Example 2: A Planar Ten-Bar Truss 376
6 Summary and Conclusions 378
References 378
Adaptive Metamodel-Based Robust Design Optimization of RC Frame Under Stochastic Blast Load 380
1 Introduction 381
2 Robust Design Optimization of Structure 382
3 The Dual RSM in RDO 383
4 MLSM-Based RSM in RDO 383
5 Modelling of Underground Blast Loading 384
6 Numerical Study 386
7 Summary and Conclusions 389
References 389
Mesh Stiffness Variation Due to the Effect of Back-Side Contact of Gears 391
1 Introduction 391
2 Mesh Stiffness for the Spur Gear 393
2.1 Drive-Side Mesh Stiffness 393
2.2 Back-Side Mesh Stiffness 394
2.3 Altered Addendum Tooth with Tip Relief 397
2.4 Operating Center Distance Modifications and Tooth Thickness Changes 398
3 Conclusions 398
References 399
Estimation of Damage Due to Fatigue, Impact Loading in CFRP Laminates Through Multi-sampling Image Analysis Technique 401
1 Introduction 402
2 Experimental Methodology 402
2.1 Materials and Specimen Fabrication 402
2.2 Mechanical Testing 403
2.3 Computed X-Ray CT 404
3 Results and Discussion 406
4 Conclusions 409
References 409
Size Effect in Bimodular Flexural Cylindrical Specimens 411
1 Introduction 411
2 Weibull Effective Volume and Effective Surface Area 413
3 Experimental and Numerical Study 417
4 Conclusions 421
References 421
Bayesian Model Calibration and Model Selection of Non-destructive Testing Instruments 423
1 Introduction 424
2 Bayesian Updating 425
3 Bayesian Model Calibration 426
3.1 Rebound Hammer Calibration 427
4 Bayesian Model Selection 428
5 Conclusions 431
6 Future Scope 432
References 432
Fusion of Rebound Number and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Data for Evaluating the Concrete Strength Using Bayesian Updating 434
1 Introduction 435
2 Literature Review 436
3 Bayesian Model Formulation 436
3.1 Prior (f'(?)) of Crushing Strength (fc) 437
3.2 Likelihood (L(?)) of Crushing Strength (fc) 437
3.3 Robust Estimation Based on Parameter Uncertainty 439
4 Data Fusion Illustration 439
5 Results 443
6 Conclusions 443
7 Future Scope 444
References 444
Stochastic Free Vibration Analysis of Sandwich Plates: A Radial Basis Function Approach 446
1 Introduction 446
2 Theoretical Formulation 447
2.1 Governing Equation for Natural Frequency 447
2.2 Radial Basis Function 449
3 Results and Discussion 450
4 Conclusion 451
References 454
Risk Analysis of Piping System of NRNF 456
1 Introduction 456
2 Modelling of a Piping System 457
3 Response Surface Methodology 458
4 Fragility Analysis 461
5 Risk Estimation 463
6 Conclusion 465
References 466
Stress Analysis and Qualification of Non-standard Gasket Joint of Heavy Water Heat Exchanger 467
1 Introduction 468
2 Construction of Heat Exchanger 468
3 Details of the Joint 468
4 Analysis of the Joint 470
5 Validation in Mock Set-up 474
6 Conclusion 476
References 476
Reliability-Based Design Optimization of a Large-Scale Truss Structure Using Polynomial Chaos Expansion Metamodel 477
1 Introduction 477
2 Reliability-Based Design Optimization: A Polynomial Chaos-Based Approach 479
2.1 Polynomial Chaos Expansion 479
2.2 Development of PCE-Based Metamodel for RBDO 480
3 RBDO of a Steel Tower 481
4 Concluding Remarks 483
References 484
Influence of System Compliance on Contact Stresses in Fretting 485
1 Introduction 485
2 Methodology 486
3 Results and Discussion 488
3.1 Finite Element Validation 488
3.2 Effect of Tangential Stiffness 490
3.3 Effect of Normal Stiffness 493
4 Conclusions 494
References 495
Development of Methodology for Seismic Qualification of Dhruva Reactor Components 496
1 Introduction 497
2 Objective 497
3 Measures for Qualifying Equipment According to IEEE 344 [3] 498
3.1 Qualification by Testing 498
3.2 Qualification of Candidate Equipment 498
4 Test Component Set-up 499
4.1 Mounting System for Test Component and Accelerator Positions 499
5 Seismic Qualification Methodologies 500
5.1 Single-Frequency Test Methodology 500
5.2 Multiple-Frequency Test Methodology 500
6 Results 503
6.1 Failure and Acceptance Criteria 504
7 Conclusions 504
References 505
Experimental Modal Analysis of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete 506
1 Introduction 506
2 Experimental Program 508
2.1 Materials 508
2.2 Mixing and Casting Procedure 509
2.3 Test Procedure of Mechanical and Dynamic Properties 509
2.4 Test Procedure of Damage Evaluation 511
3 Results and Discussions 511
3.1 Mechanical Property Tests 511
3.2 Dynamic Property Tests 512
3.3 Damage Evaluation of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete 512
4 Conclusions 515
References 515
Performance Prediction of Rolling Element Bearing with Utilization of Support Vector Regression 528
1 Introduction 529
2 Assessment Procedure and Prediction Model 529
2.1 Review of EEMD 529
2.2 Support Vector Regression (SVR) 531
2.3 Layout of Proposed Work 531
3 Validation 532
4 Result and Discussion 532
4.1 Considered Signal for Validation 532
4.2 Heath Assessment 533
4.3 Prediction 533
5 Conclusion 535
References 535
Statistical Variation in Creep of Concrete—An Experimental Investigation 537
1 Introduction 538
2 Experimental Investigations at CSIR-SERC 538
2.1 Characterization of Materials 539
2.2 Mix Proportioning of Concrete 540
2.3 Casting and Preparation of Test Specimens 540
2.4 Testing of Concrete Specimens 540
2.5 Data Acquisition 541
3 Results and Discussion 542
4 Statistical Analysis 545
5 Conclusions 546
References 548
Evaluation of Fracture Parameters of Cracks in Compressor Blade Root Using Digital Photoelasticity 549
1 Introduction 549
2 Experiments Using Two-Dimensional Photoelasticity and Evaluation of SIFs Using Least Squares Approach 550
2.1 Experimental Model 550
2.2 Forces Experienced by the Blade 551
2.3 Stress Distribution at the Joint 552
2.4 Experimental Analysis 552
2.5 Fringe Order Estimation 553
2.6 Evaluation of SIF Using Least Square Analysis 553
2.7 Result and Discussion 556
3 Conclusions 557
References 558
Hybrid Response Surface Function-Based Metamodeling of Response Approximation for Reliability Analysis 559
1 Introduction 560
2 Structural Reliability Analysis by RSM 561
3 The Hybrid Response Surface Function 562
3.1 The HRSF Model 562
3.2 Optimum Choice of bi 563
4 Numerical Study 564
4.1 Example 1: Response of a Sphere Subjected to Internal Pressure 564
4.2 Example 2: An Implicit Response Function 566
4.3 Example 3: A Two Degree of Freedom Dynamic System 566
5 Summary and Conclusions 568
References 569
Durability-Based Service Life Design of RC Structures—Chloride-Induced Corrosion 570
1 Introduction 571
2 Model for Corrosion Initiation Time 572
2.1 Sub-diffusion Process to Model Chloride Ingress 572
2.2 Numerical Solution for Time-Fractional Partial Differential Equation 573
3 Model Performance 574
4 Results and Discussion 576
4.1 Predictive Capability of Models on Concrete Specimens Exposed to Field Condition 576
4.2 Predictive Capability of Models on Actual Structures 577
5 Conclusions 580
References 580
Artificial-Neural-Network-Based Uncertain Material Removal Rate by Turning 582
1 Introduction 583
2 Mathematical Formulation 583
2.1 Material Removal Rate (MRR) 583
2.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 584
2.3 Uncertain Material Removal Rate (UMRR) Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model 584
3 Results and Discussion 584
4 Conclusions 587
References 587
RAMS 588
Failure Analysis and Process Capability Study of Transmission System at the End of Assembly Line 589
1 Introduction 589
2 Methodology 590
3 Experimental Set-Up 590
4 Failure Analysis and Process Capability Study 591
4.1 Failure Analysis 591
4.2 Process Capability Studies 592
4.3 Results and Discussions 593
5 Conclusion 596
References 596
Ball Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using Mutual Information and Walsh–Hadamard Transform 597
1 Introduction 597
2 Walsh–Hadamard Transform 598
3 Mutual Information 600
4 Classifiers 600
4.1 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 600
4.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 601
5 Experimental Procedure 602
6 Results and Discussions 603
7 Conclusion 605
References 605
Storage Service Reliability and Availability Predictions of Hadoop Distributed File System 607
1 Introduction 607
2 Proposed Methodology 608
2.1 Model Design 608
2.2 Model Analysis 611
3 Case Study 613
4 Conclusion 615
References 615
Quality Assurance in Sustaining Reliability of Nuclear Reactor Safety Systems 617
1 Introduction 617
2 Major Accidents and INES Level 618
3 Safety Functions and Defense-in-Depth 619
4 Reliability Targets for Safety Systems 619
5 Quality Assurance for Reliability 620
5.1 Quality Policy 621
5.2 Quality Assurance Requirements 621
5.3 Establishment of Quality Assurance Programmes 621
5.4 Implementation of Quality Assurance 622
6 Regulatory Review to Ensure QA 625
7 Conclusion 626
References 627
Safety and Security of Process Plants: A Fuzzy-Based Bayesian Network Approach 628
1 Introduction 628
2 Material and Methodology 629
2.1 Overview 629
2.2 Bayesian Networks 630
2.3 Expert Elicitation and Fuzzy Logic 631
3 Case Study 632
4 Results and Discussion 634
5 Conclusions 636
References 637
Determination of Prony Series Coefficient of Polymer Based on Experimental Data in Time Domain Using Optimization Technique 638
1 Introduction 638
2 Theoretical Concept and Mathematical Formulation 639
2.1 Prony Series Model of Polymer 639
2.2 Identification Process Formulation in Time Domain 640
2.3 Influence of Temperature on Behavior of Polymer 641
2.4 Optimization Formulation 641
3 Results and Discussion 642
3.1 Parameters, Limits and Constraints of Identification Process 643
3.2 Numerical Data 644
4 Conclusion 649
References 650
Mode Selection in Variational Mode Decomposition and Its Application in Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Element Bearing 651
1 Introduction 652
2 Methodology and Procedure 653
2.1 Review and Algorithm of VMD 653
2.2 Mode Selection Parameter 654
2.3 Procedure of Fault Diagnosis 654
3 Experimentation, Result, and Discussion 655
4 Conclusion 656
References 658
Performance Enhancement of Reactor Building Containment Isolation System by Use of Direct-Acting Solenoid Valves 659
1 Introduction 660
2 Fault Analysis, Identification, and Rectification in the Logic Circuit of Isolation Damper Actuators 662
2.1 Classification of Solenoid Valve: Pilot-Operated and Direct-Acting [3] 662
2.2 Fault Analysis, Identification, and Rectification 663
3 Reliability Enhancement in Ladder Circuit by Use of Direct-Acting Solenoid Valves 667
3.1 Conclusions 671
References 673
Surveillance on Nuclear Instrumentation of Dhruva Research Reactor 674
1 Introduction 675
2 Surveillance on Nuclear Instrumentation and Analysis of Surveillance Data 676
2.1 Surveillance on Nuclear Detectors 676
2.2 Analysis of Surveillance Data of Nuclear Detectors 677
2.3 Surveillance on Electronics and Preventive Maintenance 680
2.4 Online Diagnostic Features in NI 681
3 Conclusions 682
References 682
Reliability Estimation of Reaction Control System of a Flight Vehicle Using Bayesian Networks with Multilevel Data 683
1 Introduction 683
2 Bayesian Network for Reliability Modelling 685
3 Inference in Bayesian Networks 686
4 Case Study: Reliability Estimation of RCS System Using Bayesian Network 687
4.1 Computation of Posterior Probabilities of RCS Subsystems 687
4.2 Elicitation of Conditional Probabilities 690
4.3 Final Reliability Estimation of RCS System 690
5 Conclusions 690
References 691
Safety Enhancements in Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS-1& 2)
1 Introduction 694
2 Improvements in Safety After Accident at Fukushima NPPs 695
2.1 Provision of Seismic Trip 695
2.2 Nitrogen Inerting System 696
2.3 Commissioning of a 200-kVA Mobile DG for Power Supply During Prolonged SBO 697
2.4 Hookup Systems 697
2.5 Containment Filtered Venting System (CFVS) 700
3 Conclusions 701
References 701
Reliability Analysis of Composite Components Under Low-Velocity Impact 702
1 Introduction 703
2 Composite Damage Modeling 704
2.1 Damage Initiation 704
2.2 Damage Propagation Criteria 705
3 Reliability of Composites Structures 706
4 Results and Discussions 706
4.1 Numerical Study of Low-Velocity Impact 706
4.2 Validation Study of Contact Force 707
4.3 Failure of the Midplane of the Composite Plate Under Impact 708
5 Conclusions 709
References 709
Failure Analysis 711
Human Reliability Analysis 724
CQB—A New Approach for Human Factor Modeling 725
1 Introduction 725
2 CQB (Consciousness, Cognition, Conscience, and Brain) 727
3 Mathematical Modeling 728
4 CQB Methodology 730
5 Conclusion 731
References 732
Effects of Human and Organizational Factors on the Reliability and Maintainability of CNC Turning Center 733
1 Introduction 734
2 Literature Survey 734
3 Prioritization of Human PIFs and OFs of the CNCTC According to Their Criticality 735
3.1 Prioritizing Human PIFs 735
3.2 Prioritizing OFs 738
4 Effects of HOFs on the Reliability and Maintainability of the CNCTC 741
4.1 Best-Fit Distribution 741
5 Conclusions 744
References 746
Investigation of Human Factors Using HFACS Framework—A Case Study for Unintended Reactor Trip Events in NPP 747
1 Introduction 748
2 Literature Survey 749
2.1 Human Error 749
2.2 HFACS Review in a Nutshell 750
3 The Methodology 750
3.1 Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) 750
3.2 Data Collection 751
3.3 Coding Process 751
4 Results and Discussion 752
4.1 Inter-rater Reliability 752
4.2 Statistical Analysis of HFACS 754
5 Conclusion 755
References 756
Experience in Development of a Research Reactor Simulator 758
1 Introduction 759
2 Simulator Development 759
2.1 Selection of Systems 759
2.2 Simulator Architecture and Simulation Tool [2] 761
2.3 Selection of Hardware [3, 4] 765
2.4 Model Development 766
3 Simulator Features 769
4 Simulator Performance 769
5 Conclusion 770
6 Future Scope 770
References 770
HAMSTER: Human Action Modelling—Standardized Tool for Editing and Recording 771
1 Introduction 772
2 HAMSTER Principles 773
2.1 Systemic Approach of Operating 773
2.2 Functional Model of the Operating System 773
2.3 Notion of Failure Scenarios 775
2.4 Characteristic Times, Action Durations and Time Margins 776
2.5 Notion of Context 777
2.6 Processing of Human Failure Events in Hazards PSA 778
2.7 Quantification of the HFE Probability 779
2.8 Dependencies 783
2.9 Simplified and Conservative Assessment of HFE Probabilities 783
3 HAMSTER Software 784
4 Implementation of HFE in the CO-PSA Model 784
4.1 The CO-PSA Model 784
4.2 Generic Failure Scenarios 785
4.3 Implementation in the PSA Using Risk Spectrum 789
5 Conclusion 789
Reliability Methods 791
Markov Probabilistic Approach-Based Availability Simulation Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Coal Supply System of Thermal Power Plant 792
1 Introduction 793
2 System Description 794
2.1 Assumptions 794
2.2 Nomenclature 794
3 Availability Simulation Model for Performance Analysis of Coal Supply System in Thermal Power Plant 794
4 Result and Discussions for Markov Approach 797
5 Particle Swarm Optimization for Coal Supply System of Thermal Power Plant 799
5.1 Optimization Modeling 800
5.2 Result and Discussion for PSO 801
6 Conclusions 802
References 803
Aerospace Power Supply Modules Reliability Estimation Using ARINC Reliability Apportionment Technique 804
1 Introduction 804
2 ARINC Reliability Apportionment 806
3 System Failure Rate and Reliability Prediction 806
4 Weighting Factor and Improved Failure Rate Calculations 807
4.1 Modulator Card 807
4.2 High Voltage (HV) Card 807
4.3 Housekeeping Power Supply (HKPS) Card 807
4.4 SSPA Power Supply Card 808
4.5 Logic Card 808
5 Results and Discussions 808
5.1 Results 808
5.2 Discussions 809
6 Conclusion 810
References 811
Prediction and Assessment of LHD Machine Breakdowns Using Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) 812
1 Introduction 813
2 Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) 814
3 Risk Indexed/Ruled Parameters 814
4 Field Investigation 816
5 Results of FMEA Analysis 817
6 Discussion and Conclusion 827
References 828
Investigation of Reliability of DC–DC Converters Using Reliability Block Diagram and Markov Chain Analysis 830
1 Introduction 830
2 Reliability Computation of DC–DC LUO Converter 831
2.1 DC–DC Luo Converter 831
2.2 Failure Rate Calculation of Individual Components of Converter 832
3 Reliability Analysis 833
3.1 Parts Selection According to Quality 833
3.2 Comparison of Reliability Indices for Variation in System Internal Parameter 833
4 Reliability Improvement by Redundancy Technique 836
4.1 Series System 836
4.2 Parallel System 837
5 Reliability Prediction by Reliability Block Diagram Method 838
6 Reliability Prediction by Markov Model Analysis 839
7 Conclusion 841
References 842
Maximum Entropy Principle in Reliability Analysis 843
1 Introduction 843
2 The Problem 844
3 Methodology 845
4 Properties of the Solution 847
4.1 ? Is a Monotonic Increasing Function of pfail 847
4.2 PF(x) Increases with X, ? and pfail 848
4.3 Variation of PF(x) with Respect to x, ? and pfail 848
4.4 Graphical Representation of PF(x) 850
4.5 Smax Is a Concave Function of pfail 851
5 Conclusions and Applications of Proposed Methodology in Other Area 853
References 854
Nuclear Safety 855
Development and Validation of Direct Method-Based Space-Time Kinetics Code for Hexagonal Geometry 856
1 Introduction 857
2 Solution of Space-Time Kinetics Equations 857
3 Results and Discussion 859
3.1 2D, 60o Symmetric, 2 Energy Group Benchmark Problem [4] 859
3.2 AER-DYN-002 [7] 861
3.3 3D, 60o Symmetric, 2 Energy Group Benchmark Problem [9] 862
4 Conclusion 864
References 865
Reactivity Initiated Transient Analysis of 2 MW Upgraded Apsara Reactor 866
1 Introduction 866
2 2 MW Upgraded Apsara Reactor 867
3 Input Data and Assumption 868
4 Results and Discussion 869
4.1 Steady-State Thermal Hydraulic Analysis 869
4.2 Start-up Accident 870
4.3 Inadvertent Withdrawal of CSR at Full-Power Operating Condition 871
4.4 Loss of Regulation Incident (LORI) 872
4.5 Removal of in-Core Experimental Assembly 875
5 Conclusion 875
References 875
Reactivity Initiated Transient Analysis of 30 MW High Flux Research Reactor 876
1 Introduction 876
2 30 MW High Flux Research Reactor (HFRR) 877
3 Modeling and Assumption 878
4 Results and Discussion 879
4.1 Start-Up Accident 879
4.2 Loss of Regulation Incident (LORI) 880
5 Conclusion 881
References 882
Development of a Computer Code for Reactivity Initiated Transient Analysis of Research Reactor with Pin-Type Fuel 883
1 Introduction 884
2 Method of Calculation 884
2.1 Point Kinetics Module 884
2.2 Thermal Hydraulics Module 885
3 Results and Discussion 890
4 Conclusion 891
References 892
Reactor Power Variation Due to Tripping of All Three Level Control Pumps 893
1 Introduction 894
2 Experiment-1 895
2.1 Details of the Experiment 895
2.2 Observations 896
3 Experiment-2 897
3.1 Details of the Experiment 897
3.2 Observations 897
4 Conclusions 898
Reference 900
Risk Based 901
Fuzzy FMEA Analysis of Induction Motor and Overview of Diagnostic Techniques to Reduce Risk of Failure 902
1 Introduction 902
2 Literature Survey 903
3 Methodology 904
4 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 904
5 Fuzzy Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 908
6 Overview of the Diagnostic Technique to Reduce the Risk of Failure for Induction Motor 909
6.1 Vibration Analysis 910
6.2 Acoustic Emission Analysis 911
6.3 Motor Current Signature Analysis [MCSA] 912
6.4 Thermography 912
6.5 Surge Test 912
7 Conclusion 912
References 913
Risk-Based Analysis of Electro-Explosive Devices Switching System: A Case Study of Aerospace System 915
1 Introduction 916
2 EED and EED Switching Scheme 916
2.1 EED 916
2.2 Basic EED Switching Scheme 917
2.3 Risk-Based Analysis for EED Switching 919
2.4 Redundancy 919
3 A Case Study of Risk-Based Analysis of EED Switching Circuit for an Aerospace Application 921
3.1 Risks Associated with EED Firing System 921
3.2 Objectives of Risk-Based Design 921
3.3 Mechanism Implemented 922
3.4 Redundancy in EED Switching Circuit 924
3.5 Reliability Analysis of the Various Redundancy Configuration Using RBD 927
3.6 Outcome 928
4 Conclusions 929
References 930
Value Tree Analysis Approach for Integrated Risk-Informed Decision Making: Revision of Allowed Outage Time 931
1 Introduction 932
2 Methodology 933
2.1 Framework for Proposed Methodology 934
2.2 Methods for Preference Elicitation 934
3 Results and Discussions 935
3.1 Problem Structuring for Allowed Outage Time 936
3.2 Preference Elicitation for Allowed Outage Time 937
3.3 Evaluation of Decision Options 938
3.4 Software Tool 939
4 Conclusions 939
References 940
A Deterministic Approach to Quantify the Risk in Propellant Processing Unit Using Bow Tie Analysis 941
1 Introduction 942
2 Review of the Literature 943
2.1 Fault Tree Analysis 943
2.2 Event Tree Analysis 944
3 Methodology 944
3.1 Scenario Identification and BT Development 944
3.2 Calculation of Failure Probabilities—Deterministic Estimates 945
3.3 Probabilistic Estimates of Outcome Cases 946
4 System Description 946
5 Results and Discussion 947
5.1 Case 1: Overload Condition 947
5.2 Case 2: Excessive Torque 950
5.3 Case 3: Overpressure Condition 951
6 Conclusions 953
References 954
Risk-Based Approach for Thermal Profiling of Sodium Vessel and Pipelines of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor 955
1 Introduction 956
2 Preheating System of Main Vessel and Pipelines 957
2.1 Main Vessel Preheating 957
2.2 Preheating of Pipelines 957
3 Data Analysis 959
3.1 MV Preheating 959
3.2 Preheating of Pipelines 963
4 Future Works 963
5 Epilogue 964
References 964
Risk Estimation of a Typical Uranium Metal Production Plant 965
1 Introduction 966
2 Brief Description of a Typical Uranium Metal Plant 966
3 Hazard Associated with Uranium Metal Plant 966
4 Safety Mitigation Systems, Human Action and Reliability Analysis 967
5 Event Progression and Quantification of Consequence Frequency 968
6 Results 974
7 Conclusion 976
References 976
Radiation Levels in Structural Components of Cirus Reactor—Estimation and Measurement 977
1 Introduction 977
2 Calculation Methodology 978
3 Radionuclide Inventory and Radiation Levels 980
3.1 Reactor Vessel 980
3.2 Reactor Vessel (RV) Tubes 981
3.3 Top and Bottom Tube Sheets 982
3.4 SS-316 Fittings on Tube Sheets 982
4 Comparison with Measured Experimental Data 983
5 Summary and Conclusions 985
References 985
Author Index 986