Pharmacology for Podiatrists (eBook)

Dr Rae Morgan, School of Podiatric Medicine, New College Durham, UK Dr Margaret Johnson, Department of Pharmacology, University of Sunderland, UK

Pharmacology for Podiatrists 3
Contents 7
Preface 9
Common Abbreviations 10
1 Introduction 11
What is pharmacology? 11
History of pharmacology 11
Where do drugs come from? 13
Terminology and drug classification 13
Drug administration 17
Routes of drug administration 19
Drug absorption 21
Drug distribution 22
Drug metabolism 24
Drug excretion 26
Drugs in the elderly 27
Drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding 28
Summary 29
2 How Drugs Work 31
Intercellular communication 31
Cellular targets for drug action 32
Pharmacokinetics 37
The drug-receptor interaction 38
The dose-response relationship 39
Antagonism 40
Summary 42
3 The Role of the Podiatrist in Patient Care 43
Introduction 43
Current scope of practice of the podiatrist in the UK 44
Patient records 45
Examination, assessment and diagnosis 47
Clinical assessment and examination 48
The podiatrist’s role in prevention of complications 52
Patient education 53
Future role of the podiatrist as a member of the multidisciplinary health care team 55
Summary 56
4 Drugs Affecting the Peripheral Nervous System 57
Introduction 57
The neurone 57
The neuronal action potential 58
The sensory nervous system 59
The somatic nervous system 59
The sympathetic nervous system 59
The parasympathetic nervous system 60
Diseases of the peripheral nervous system 60
Summary 65
5 Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System 66
Introduction 66
Alteration of normal CNS function 68
Diseases of the central nervous system 72
Parkinson’s disease 79
Epilepsy 82
Summary 85
6 Drugs Affecting the Gastrointestinal System 86
Introduction 86
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract 88
Summary 94
7 Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular System 95
Introduction 95
Diseases of the cardiovascular system 102
Summary 125
8 Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System 128
Introduction 128
Diseases of the respiratory system 129
Summary 136
9 Chemotherapeutic Drugs 137
Introduction 137
Antibacterial drugs 137
Classification of bacteria 138
Bacterial resistance 139
Folate antagonists 140
Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis 140
Protein synthesis inhibitors 142
Antimycobacterial drugs 143
Antifungal drugs 144
Antiviral drugs 145
Anthelmintics 146
Antiprotozoal drugs 147
Summary 149
10 Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System 150
Introduction 150
Diabetes mellitus 151
Thyroid disorders 156
Sex hormones 156
Osteoporosis 160
Summary 160
11 Drugs Affecting the Urinary Tract 162
Introduction 162
The kidneys 162
Diseases of the kidney 164
The bladder and urethra 167
Summary 169
12 Drugs Affecting the Reproductive System 171
The female reproductive system 171
The male reproductive system 177
Summary 180
13 Drugs Affecting the Musculoskeletal System 182
Introduction 182
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis 182
The treatment of gout 186
Summary 187
14 Drugs Affecting the Eye and Ear 188
The eye 188
Diseases of the eye 189
The ear 192
Diseases of the ear 193
Summary 196
15 Drugs Acting on the Skin 198
Introduction 198
Summary 202
16 Local Anaesthetics 203
Introduction 203
Summary 205
17 Cytotoxic Drugs 206
Introduction 206
Strategies for chemotherapy of cancer 206
Summary 209
Appendix I: Drug Interactions 210
Further Reading 217
Index 218