Photonic Microsystems (eBook)

Preface 7
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
1: Introduction to Optical Microsystems 18
1.1 Scaling of Optics 18
1.2 Design of miniaturized optics 20
1.3 Roadmap 21
2: Electromagnetic Fields and Energy 26
2.1 Introduction to Fields and Energy 26
2.2 From Maxwell’s Equations to the Wave Equation 27
2.3 Plane Waves 30
2.4 Phasor Notation 34
2.5 The Poynting Theorem 39
2.6 Combination of Optical Fields from Separate Sources 42
2.7 Analysis Based on Energy Conservation - Examples 44
2.8 Summary of Fields and Waves 52
Further Reading 54
Exercises 54
3: Plane Waves at Interfaces 57
3.1 Introduction to Plane Waves 57
3.2 Plane Waves at a Dielectric Interface - Fresnel Reflections 58
3.3 Wave description of Total Internal Reflection (TIR) 67
3.4 Multilayer Stacks 72
3.5 Applications of Layered Structures 75
3.6 Summary of Plane Waves 82
Further Reading 84
Exercises 84
References 90
4: Diffraction and Gaussian Beams 91
4.1 Introduction to Diffraction and Gaussian Beams 91
4.2 Paraxial Wave Equation 92
4.3 Gaussian Beam Transformation in Lenses 99
4.4 Resolution of a Lens 104
4.5 Projecting Gaussian Beams 110
4.6 Gaussian Beam “Imaging” 111
4.7 Truncation of Gaussian Beams 114
4.8 Summary of Gaussian Beams 122
Further Reading 125
Exercises 126
References 129
5: Optical Fibers and Waveguides 130
5.1 Introduction to Fibers and Waveguides 130
5.2 Geometrical optics description of waveguides 130
5.3 Three-layered Slab Waveguide 132
5.4 Optical Fibers 143
5.5 Dispersion 151
5.6 Pulse Spreading on Fibers 162
5.7 Fiber Calculation Example 173
5.8 Summary of Fibers and Waveguides 174
Exercises 180
References 186
6: Fiber and Waveguide Devices 187
6.1 Introduction to Fiber and Waveguide Devices 187
6.2 Coupling to Fibers and Waveguides 188
6.3. Coupled Optical Modes 202
6.4 Directional Couplers 206
6.5 Optical Devices Based on Directional Couplers 217
6.6 Periodic Waveguides – Bragg Filters 221
6.7 Waveguide Modulators 228
6.8 Summary of Fiber and Waveguide Devices 244
Exercises 245
References: 258
7: Optical MEMS Scanners 259
7.1 Introduction to MEMS Scanners 259
7.2 Scanner Resolution 261
7.3 Reflectivity of Metal Coated Micromirrors 278
7.4 Lens Scanners 281
7.5 Mechanical Scanner Design – One Dimensional Scanners 283
7.6 Two Dimensional Scanners 294
7.7 High Resolution 2-D Scanners – Design Examples 297
7.8 Summary of MEMS scanners 302
Exercises 304
References 306
8: Optical MEMS Fiber Switches 309
8.1 Introduction to MEMS Fiber Switches 309
8.2 Fiber Optical Switches and Cross Connects 310
8.3 MEMS Switch Architectures 312
8.4 2 by 2 Matrix Switch 317
8.5 N by N Matrix Switches 324
8.6 N by N Beam Steering Switches 330
8.7 Summary of MEMS Fiber Switches 340
Exercises 342
References 344
9: Micromirror Arrays – Amplitude and Phase Modulation 345
9.1 Introduction to Micromirror Arrays 345
9.2 Amplitude Modulating Mirror Arrays 346
9.3 Projection of Micromirror Arrays 351
9.4 Micromirrors with Phase Modulation 362
9.5 Projection of Micromirrors through Hard Apertures 369
9.6 Adaptive Optics 371
9.8 Summary of Micromirror Arrays 381
Exercises 382
References 384
10: Grating Light Modulators 387
10.1 Introduction to Grating Light Modulators 387
10.2 Phenomenological Description of MEMS Grating Modulators 387
10.3 Phasor Representation of Grating Modulator Operation 393
10.4 High Contrast Grating Light Modulator 399
10.5 Diffraction Gratings 402
10.6 Projection Displays Based on Grating Modulators 416
10.7 Summary of Grating Light Modulators 435
Exercises 436
References 438
11: Grating Light Modulators for Fiber Optics 440
11.1 Fiber Optic Modulators 440
11.2 Low Dispersion Grating Light Modulators 442
11.3 Polarization Independent Grating Light Modulators 452
11.4 Summary of GLMS for Fiber Optics 456
Further Reading 456
Exercises 457
References 458
12. Optical Displacement Sensors 459
12.1 Introduction to Optical Displacement Sensors 459
12.2 Interferometers as Displacement Sensors 462
12.3 Optical Lever 480
12.4 Sources of Noise in Displacement Measurements 484
12.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 487
12.6 Detection Limits in Displacement Measurements 490
12.7 Summary of Optical Displacement Sensors 497
Exercises 498
References 500
13: Micro-Optical Filters 501
13.1 Introduction to Micro-Optical Filters 501
13.2 Amplitude Filters 502
13.3 Dispersion Compensators 509
13.4 MEMS Spectrometers 511
13.5 Diffractive Spectrometers 522
13.6 Tunable Lasers 528
13.7 Summary of Microoptical Filters 534
Exercises 535
References 538
14: Photonic Crystal Fundamentals 543
14.1 Introduction to Photonic Crystals 543
14.2 Photonic Crystal Basics 544
14.3 Guided Resonances 554
14.4 Comparison of Photonic and Electronic Crystals 564
14.5 Summary of PC Fundamentals 566
Exercises 567
References 568
15: Photonic Crystal Devices and Systems 571
15.1 Introduction to PC Devices and Systems 571
15.2 IC Compatible Photonic Crystals 572
15.3 Photonic Crystal Optical Components 578
15.4 Tunable Photonic Crystals 584
15.5 Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensors 590
15.6 Summary of PC Devices and Systems 592
Exercises 593
References 594
Appendix A: Geometrical Optics 599
Appendix B: Electrostatic Actuation 607
Index 636