LASER 2006 (eBook)

Title Page 
3 
Copyright Page 
4 
Table of Contents 5
Preface 8
Optical spectroscopy of radioactive atoms 10
1 Introduction 10
2 Measurable quantities 12
2.1 Atomic physics 13
2.1.1 Actinides 13
2.1.2 Electron correlations 13
2.1.3 Spectrum of francium 
14 
2.2 Electron-nuclear hyperfine interaction 14
2.2.1 Isotope shifts 15
2.2.2 Bohr-Weisskopf effect 
15 
3 Experimental methods 16
3.1 Atomic beam techniques 16
3.2 Optical methods 22
3.2.1 Optical double resonance 22
3.2.2 Double resonance by frequency change 23
3.2.3 Level-crossing spectroscopy 24
3.2.4 Optical pumping 26
3.2.5 Radioactive source preparations 28
3.2.6 Grating optical spectroscopy 28
3.3 On-line experiments 31
3.3.1 RADOP 
31 
3.3.2 Atomic beams 32
3.3.3 Collinear, RIS 33
4 Selected results 37
4.1 Isotope shifts and nuclear charge distributions 38
4.1.1 Odd-even staggering 38
4.2 Extended nuclear magnetization 41
5 Conclusion 42
References 44
Tests of fundamental symmetries and interactions - using nuclei and lasers 48
1 Introduction 48
2 Fundamental symmetries and interactions 49
3 Discrete symmetries 50
3.1 Parity 50
3.2 CP and T-violation 51
3.2.1 ß-decays 51
3.2.2 Permanent electric dipole moments (EDMs) 52
3.3 CPT tests with antihydrogen 56
3.3.1 Gravitational force on H 57
3.3.2 Antiprotonic helium 58
3.3.3 CPT tests with antiprotonic helium ions 58
4 Facilities 60
5 Conclusions 60
References 60
Experimental test of special relativity by laser spectroscopy 
63 
1 Lorentz invariance and time dilation 64
2 Ives and Stilwell experiments 65
3 A modern Ives-Stilwell experiment at the TSR 65
4 Feasibility-test at the ESR 68
5 Recent development 70
6 Conclusions 72
References 72
Avision for laser induced particle acceleration and applications 
74 
1 Preamble 74
2 PET isotope production 75
2.1 Positron emission tomography 75
2.2 Proton production with a high intensity laser 76
2.3 Proton energy measurements 78
2.4 18F and 11C generation 
78 
2.5 Target selection 79
2.6 18F and 11C production 
79 
2.7 Future development and conclusions 80
2.7.1 How to increase the PET isotope activity to 109 Bq? 
80 
3 Mono-energetic proton production 80
References 86
Penning trap mass spectrometry for nuclear structure studies 
87 
1 Introduction 88
2 Experimental setup and procedure 88
3 Recent results at ISOLTRAP 90
3.1 Nuclear structure studies 90
3.2 Resolution and weighing of isomeric states 91
3.3 Test of nuclear mass models and mass formulae 92
4 Present status and technical developments at ISOLTRAP 93
5 Conclusion and outlook 94
References 95
Precision spectroscopy at heavy ion ring accelerator SIS300 
96 
1 Introduction 97
2 The 2P1/2,3/2 - 2S1/2 transitions in lithium-like uranium 
97 
3 Precision transition energy measurement in Li-like uranium at SIS300 
98 
3.1 Proposed experimental setup 98
3.2 Angular distribution and photon energy in the laboratory system 100
3.3 The laser system and fluorescence rate estimate 101
3.4 The single crystal monochromator 102
3.5 Count rate estimate 104
3.6 Precision of energy measurement 104
4 Hyperfine spectroscopy 105
5 Laser cooling 106
6 Nuclear polarization by optical pumping 
108 
7 Conclusions 109
References 109
Development of a RILlS ionisation scheme for gold at ISOLDE, CERN 
111 
1 Introduction 111
2 The resonance ionisation laser ion source 112
3 Resonance ionisation spectroscopy of gold 113
4 Conclusion 117
References 118
The ALTO project at IPN-Orsay 119
1 The ALTO accelerator 119
2 The laser ion source 120
3 The laser ion guide 120
References 121
Upgrade to the IGISOL laser ion source towards spectroscopy on Tc 
122 
1 Introduction 122
2 Experimental setup 123
2.1 The ion guide technique 123
2.2 Laser system and new developments 124
2.3 Laser setup for Tc 126
3 First laser ions of 99Tc 
126 
4 Conclusion and outlook 127
References 127
TRIUMF resonant ionization laser ion source Ga, AI and Be radioactive ion beam development 128
1 Introduction 129
2 ISAC setup 129
3 Laser system 130
4 TRI LIS setup & beam development
4.1 Gallium two-step resonant ionization 131
4.2 Aluminum (1, 1') resonance ionization 132
4.3 Beryllium (2, 1') resonance ionization 133
5 Conclusions and outlook 134
References 135
Resonance ionization spectroscopy of bismuth at the IGISOL facility 136
1 
136 
2 Experimental development 137
2.1 Resonance ionization spectroscopy in an atomic beam unit 138
2.2 Resonance ionization spectroscopy in an ion guide 140
3 Conclusion and outlook 140
References 142
Optical pumping in an RFcooler buncher 
143 
1 Introduction 143
References 147
LaSpec at FAIR'S low energy beamline: A new perspective for laser spectroscopy of radioactive nuclei 149
1 Introduction 149
2 Isotope production and the low-energy beamline at FAIR 150
3 Beam preparation and transport 151
4 The LaSpec station 152
5 Summary 155
References 155
Nuclei near the closed shells N=20 and N=28 157
1 Introduction 157
2 Binding energy and shell effects 158
3 Magic nuclei and deformations 159
4 New shell closures 160
5 Deformation and stability of neutron-rich isotopes of light nuclei 165
6 Concluding remarks 165
References 165
Mg isotopes and the disappearance of magic N =20 Laser and ß-NMR studies 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Experimental method 168
3 Results 170
References 172
Laser spectroscopy measurements of neutron-rich tellurium isotopes by COMPLIS 173
1 Introduction 174
2 The set up 174
3 Procedure 175
4 The isotope shift and charge radii 176
5 Nuclear moments 176
6 Conclusion 179
References 179
Nuclear charge radius of 11Li 180
1 Introduction 181
2 Isotope shift and nuclear charge radius 181
3 Experimental 182
4 Results 183
5 Summary and outlook 185
References 186
Towards a nuclear charge radius determination for beryllium isotopes 188
1 Introduction 189
2 Experimental method 189
2.1 Optical isotope shift 189
2.2 Laser excitation scheme 190
2.3 Production and transfer of radioactive berillium ions 190
2.4 Experimental procedure 192
2.4.1 Linear RF-trap 192
2.4.2 Laser set-up 192
3 Conclusions and outlook 193
References 193
Investigation of the low-lying isomer in 229Th by collinear laser spectroscopy 195
1 Introduction 195
2 Production of a 229Th ion beam 196
2.1 Laser ionization scheme development 196
2.1.1 Atomic beam preparation 196
2.1.2 An ionization scheme for thorium 197
3 Collinear laser spectroscopy of 229Th 198
4 Conclusion and outlook 199
References 199
Laser spectroscopy of high spin isomers - a review 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Quasi-particle isomer 202
3 Two-particle isomers in the odd-odd nuclei 203
4 Conclusion 204
References 205
Nuclear charge radii and electromagnetic moments of scandium isotopes and isomers in the f7/2 shell 
206 
1 Introduction 206
2 Experimental details 207
3 Experimental results 208
4 Discussion 211
References 212
Laser spectroscopy of stable Os isotopes 
213 
1 Introduction 213
2 Experimental methods 215
2.1 Crossed beams spectroscopy 215
2.2 Collinear beams spectroscopy 215
3 Results 218
4 Conclusion and future plans 219
References 219
Study of the neutron deficient 182-190Pb isotopes by simultaneous atomic- and nuclear-spectroscopy 
220 
1 Introduction 221
2 Experimental method and set-up 221
3 Results and discussion 224
4 Conclusions and outlook 225
References 225
Experimental investigation of the stability diagram for Paultraps in the case of praseodymium ions 
227 
1 Introduction 227
2 Theoretical background 228
3 Experiment 230
4 Results 232
5 Concluding remarks 234
References 235
Correlation effects on the charge radii of exotic nuclei 236
1 Introduction 236
2 Theory of two correlated particles 237
2.1 Results 243
3 Conclusions and outlook 244
References 245
Testing QED with resonance conversion 247
1 Introduction 247
2 Atoms in electromagnetic field 248
3 Tuning BIC 248
4 Hyperfine splitting in 209Bi82+ 249
5 Conclusion 250
References 251
Author Index to Volume 171 (2006) 252

"Tests of fundamental symmetries and interactions - using nuclei and lasers (p. 41-42)

KlausPeter Jungmann

Abstract State of the art laser technology and modern spectroscopic methods allow to address issues of fundamental symmetries and fundamental interactions in atoms with high precision experiments. In particular the discrete symmetries Parity (P), Charge Conjugation (C), Time Reversal (T) as well as their combinations CP and CPT are in the center of interest at present. Actual projects are concerned with Parity Violation in atoms, Time Reversal Violation in ,B-decays and searches for permanent Electric Dipole Moments (EDMs), and tests of CPT conservation in particle-antiparticle properties, in particular antiprotonic atoms.

Keywords Fundamental interactions- Fundamental symmetries. Precision measurements- Magnetic anomalies- ,B-decays. Electric dipole moments- Antiprotons. Radioactive beam facilities

1 Introduction

The Standard Model (SM) in particle physics describes accurately all observations in this field. It appears that even recent spectacular observations in neutrino experiments can be included with moderate modifications. This far ranging theoretical framework lacks, however, a deeper and more satisfactory explanation for many of the facts which it describes so precisely.

Among the open questions are the large number of some 30 free parameters in the SM, the hierarchy of fundamental fermion masses, the number of three particle generations and the origin of Parity (P) Violation and combined Charge Symmetry (C) and Parity violation, i.e. CPviolation. If the SM is combined with Standard Cosmology, the dominance of mater over antimatter in the universe presents a serious unsolved puzzle. In order to provide answers to such intriguing questions speculative extensions have been constructed, such as supersymmetry, left-right symmetry, technicolor and many others. However, they have despite their elegancy no status in physics, yet, unless they can be experimentally verified by an observation of a unique prediction of one of these models.

We know two conceptually different approaches for confirming the SM and also to find New Physics beyond it: The direct observation of new particles or processes and Precise measurements of quantities, which can be calculated to sufficient accuracy within the SM, and where New Physics appears in a significant difference between theory and experiment. Whereas the first approach typically is carried out in high energy physics, the second route uses experiments at low energies.

Precision measurements at low energies offer indeed various possibilities to confirm the SM at a high level, to find new physics and to determine accurate values of important fundamental constants [1--4]. Stringent tests of the SM arise in particular through exploiting one of the recent achievements in atomic physics: cooling and storing of ions, atoms and molecules. This includes, e.g., precise measurements of magnetic anomalies [5-8], precision studies of nuclear tJ-decays [2--4, 9] and searches for permanent electric dipole moments of particles, nuclei, atoms and molecules [10] as well as spectroscopy of antiprotonic atoms [11].

In the recent years, several experiments have reported a few standard deviations differences between theoretical predictions and the measurements. Among those are experiments on the muon magnetic anomaly [5], the unitarity of the CabbiboKobayashi- Maskawa matrix [12], nuclear tJ-decay [13], atomic parity violation [14] and many others. In some cases the differences disappeared completely after refinement of theory. However, not all of them [15]. Further work is needed to clarify the situation."