Advances in Food and Nutrition Research (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 2
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Chapter 1: Biosensors and Bio-Based Methods for the Separation and Detection of Foodborne Pathogens 10
I. Introduction 11
II. Separation and Concentration of Pathogens from Samples 13
A. Antibody, a key molecule in bioseparation and detection 14
III. Biosensor-Based Detection Methods 17
A. Fiber optic biosensor 18
B. SPR sensor 22
C. Piezoelectric (PZ) biosensors 27
D. Electrochemical immunosensor 28
E. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer 31
F. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 32
G. Light scattering 32
H. Impedance-based biochip sensor 33
I. Cell-based sensor 37
IV. Conclusions 40
Acknowledgments 41
References 41
Chapter 2: The Immunological Components of Human Milk 54
I. Introduction 55
II. Effect of Breast-Feeding/Human Milk on Infectious Diseases and Defenses 57
A. Evidence for benefits on infectious diseases 57
B. Antimicrobial components in human breast milk 57
III. Effect of Breast Milk on Immune Development 65
A. Immune development in the infant 65
B. Immune cells present in human milk 67
C. Cytokines 68
D. Hormones and bioactive peptides 70
E. Nucleotides 70
F. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) 70
G. Other immune components 71
H. Compounds that promote microbiological colonization of the infant's colon 71
IV. Tolerance 72
A. Compounds found in breast milk that may be involved in the induction of tolerance 73
B. Priming of the immune system 74
V. Anti-Inflammatory Factors in Human Milk 75
A. Cytokines 76
B. Antioxidants 77
C. Anti-Proteases 77
D. LCPUFAs 77
VI. Conclusions 78
References 78
Chapter 3: PCR-Based Diagnosis and Quantification of Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi 90
I. Introduction 91
A. Detection of aflatoxin producers 111
B. Detection of trichothecene producers 112
C. Trichothecene biosynthesis cluster genes as sequence source for primer design 112
D. Other sequence sources for detection of trichothecene producers 115
E. Detection of ochratoxin A producers 118
F. Primers targeted to anonymous genomic markers 119
G. AFLP marker-based primers for A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius 119
H. Detection of A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius with cDNA AFLP-based primers 121
I. RAPD marker-based primers for A. carbonarius and A. niger 122
J. Primers targeted to genetically defined sequences 123
K. rRNA gene-based approaches for the PCR diagnosis of OTA-producing fungi 123
L. Calmodulin gene-targeted primers for detection of A. carbonarius and A. japonicus 125
M. Primers for OTA biosynthetic pathway genes 126
N. Detection of fumonisin producers 129
O. Detection of patulin producers 133
II. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 135
References 137
Chapter 4: Molluscan Shellfish Allergy 148
I. Molluscan Shellfish Classification and Importance as Food 150
II. Prevalence of Molluscan Shellfish Allergies 151
III. IgE-Mediated Reactions in Molluscan Shellfish Allergy 155
IV. Diagnosis and Treatment of Molluscan Shellfish Allergy 157
A. Severity of allergic reactions of molluscan shellfish 158
B. Natural history of molluscan shellfish allergy 159
C. Minimal eliciting (threshold) dose for mollusks 159
D. Allergic reactions to specific types of molluscan shellfish 160
E. Allergies to gastropods 160
F. Allergies to bivalves 162
G. Allergies to cephalopods 164
H. Food-dependent, exercise-induced molluscan shellfish allergy 166
I. Occupational allergies to molluscan shellfish 167
V. Molluscan Shellfish Allergens 168
VI. Cross-Reactions 172
A. Between molluscan shellfish species 172
B. Between molluscan and crustacean shellfish species 174
C. Between molluscan shellfish and mites or insects 158
E. Detection of residues of molluscan shellfish 158
VII. Conclusion 177
Acknowledgments 177
References 177
Chapter 5: Nutritargeting 188
I. Nutritargeting for Selective Accumulation 190
A. Vitamin A 190
B. Vitamin E 210
C. beta-Carotene/carotenoids/fat-soluble antioxidants 210
II. Nutritargeting as a Way of Bypassing Absorption Barriers 211
A. Digestion and intestinal absorption of fat-soluble dietary components 212
B. Fat malassimilation 212
C. Bioavailability of dietary, emulsified and solubilized fat soluble vitamins 213
D. Comparative bioavailability study (water-soluble micelles vs a regular supplement) 214
E. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) 215
III. Conclusion 219
References 219
Chapter 6: The Health Benefits of Calcium Citrate Malate: A Review of the Supporting Science 228
I. Why Focus on Calcium Citrate Malate? 230
II. Ca Needs and Current Intakes 231
A. The role of Ca in the body 231
B. General Ca requirements 232
C. Specific Ca needs 233
D. Current intakes 235
E. Implications 240
III. Description and Properties of CCM 241
A. Chemical formula of CCM and its component anions 241
B. Ca content 241
C. How CCM is made 243
D. Aqueous solubility 244
E. CCM in fortified foods and beverages 246
F. CCM in dietary supplements 251
IV. Studies of Ca Bioavailability from CCM 253
A. Ca absorption 253
B. Factors that influence Ca absorption 265
C. How CCM fits with the influencing factors—human studies with CCM 266
D. Animal studies with CCM 278
V. Studies of Ca Retention and Bone Building in Children and Adolescents 285
A. Ca balance studies 287
B. Bone density studies (2-3 years) 289
C. Long-term bone density studies (4-7 years) 292
VI. Studies of Bone Maintenance in Adults 298
A. Studies in postmenopausal women 299
B. Studies in elderly men and women — including effects on fracture risk and risk of falls 303
VII. Other Health Benefits 307
A. Oral health 307
B. Blood pressure reduction 313
C. No increase in the risk of kidney stones 315
D. No effect on the status of other minerals (Fe, Zn, Se, and Mg) 317
E. Effect on serum lipids 328
F. Colon health 330
VIII. Limitations of CCM 332
IX. Conclusion 333
References 337
Index 356