Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 12
Future Contributions 14
Chapter 1. A Wavelet-Based Method for Multifractal Image Analysis: From Theoretical Concepts to Experimental Applications 18
I. Introduction 19
II. Image Processing with the 2D Continuous Wavelet Transform 24
III. Test Applications of the WTMM Method to Monofractal and Multifractal Rough Surfaces 40
IV. Multifractal Analysis of High-Resolution Satellite Images of Cloud Structure 58
V. Multifractal Analysis of 3D Turbulence Simulation Data 70
VI. Multifractal Analysis of Digitized Mammograms 90
VII. Conclusion 97
References 99
Chapter 2. An Analysis of the Geometric Distortions Produced by Median and Related Image Processing Filters 110
I. Introduction 111
II. Image Filters 113
III. Shifts Produced by Median Filters in Continuous Images 122
IV. Shifts Produced by Median Filters in Digital Images 139
V. Shifts Produced by Mean Filters 163
VI. Shifts Produced by Mode Filters 167
VII. Shifts Produced by Rank-Order Filters 173
VIII. Rank-Order Filters„a Didactic Example 187
IX. A Problem with Closing 191
X. A Median-Based Corner Detector 195
XI. Boundary Length Measurement Problem 200
XII. Concluding Remarks 205
References 208
Chapter 3. Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy 212
I. Introduction 212
II. Historical Notes 215
III. Basic Principles of Two-Photon Excitation of Fluorescent Molecules 219
IV. Behavior of Fluorescent Molecules under TPE Regime 229
V. Optical Consequences and Resolution Aspects 236
VI. Architecture of Two-Photon Microscopy 242
VII. Application Gallery 274
VIII. Conclusions 290
References 293
Chapter 4. Phase Closure Imaging 304
I. Introduction 305
II. Phase Space and Integer Lattices 310
III. Phase Closure Operator, Phase Closure Projection, and Related Properties 313
IV. Variance–Covariance Matrix of the Closure Phases 316
V. Spectral Phase Closure Projection 316
VI. Reference Algebraic Framework 322
VII. Statement of the Phase Calibration Problem 324
VIII. Phase Calibration Discrepancy and Related Results 326
IX. Optimal Model Phase Shift and Related Results 330
X. Special Cases 332
XI. Simulated Example 334
XII. Concluding Comments 336
Appendix 1 337
Appendix 2 338
Appendix 3 338
Appendix 4 340
References 344
Chapter 5. Three-Dimensional Image Processing and Optical Scanning Holography 346
I. Introduction 346
II. Two-Pupil Optical Heterodyne Scanning 347
III. Three-Dimensional Imaging Properties 354
IV. Optical Scanning Holography 357
V. Concluding Remarks 364
References 365
Chapter 6. Nonlinear Image Processing using Artificial Neural Networks 368
I. Introduction 369
II. Applications of ANNs in Image Processing 373
III. Shared Weight Networks for Object Recognition 383
IV. Feature Extraction in Shared Weight Networks 394
V. Regression Networks for Image Restoration 416
VI. Inspection and Improvement of Regression Networks 435
VII. Conclusions 459
References 463
Index 468