Practical Hazops, Trips and Alarms (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface 1
Introduction to the book 1
1. Introduction to hazard studies 1
1.1 Scope and objectives of this chapter 1
1.2 Introduction to hazards and risk management 1
1.3 Risk assessment 1
1.4 Concepts of Alarp and tolerable risk 1
1.5 Regulatory frameworks and examples from EU and USA 1
1.6 Methods of identifying hazards 1
2. Hazard studies at levels 1 and 2 1
Objectives 2 1
2.1 Introduction 1
2.2 Methodologies for hazard study 1 1
2.3 Process hazard study 2 1
2.4 Practical example of hazard 2 application 1
2.5 Case study 1
2.6 Conclusion on hazard studies 1 and 2 1
3. Risk reduction measures using alarms and trips 1
3.1 Risk reduction measures 1
3.2 Terminologies and standards for safety systems 1
3.3 Equipment under control 1
3.4 Protection layers 1
3.5 The role of alarms in safety 1
3.6 Alarm types and do they qualify as safeguards? 1
3.7 Identification and design of safety-related alarms 1
3.8 Key design principles for alarms 1
3.9 SIS, principles of separation 1
3.10 Simple and complex shutdown sequences, examples 1
3.11 Conclusions: the role of Hazops in defining alarms and trips 1
4. Hazop method 1
Objectives 4 1
4.1 Introduction 1
4.2 Introduction to Hazop 1
4.3 Overview of Hazop method 1
4.4 Points to note on the examination procedure 1
4.5 Practical exercise: continuous process example 1
4.6 Hazop for batch processes and sequential operations 1
4.7 Hazops for other disciplines 1
4.8 Conclusions 1
5. Planning and leadership of Hazops 1
Objectives 5 1
5.1 Introduction 1
5.2 Organizing the Hazop 1
5.3 The team leader and the team 1
5.4 Practical exercise: hybrid batch process example 1
6. Specifying safety instrumented systems 1
Objectives 6 1
6.1 Introduction 1
6.2 Risk reduction by instrumented protection 1
6.3 What affects the safety integrity of an instrument trip? 1
6.4 Overview of IEC 61508 1
6.5 Determining the safety integrity 1
6.6 Design essentials to meet SIL targets 1
6.7 Specifying the SIS requirements 1
6.8 Documenting the SRS 1
6.9 Conclusions 1
7. Hazard analysis methods 1
7.1 Introduction 1
7.2 Outline of methods 1
7.3 Fault tree analysis 1
7.4 Practical exercise in FTA 1
7.5 Conclusions 1
8. Factors in the choice of protection system 1
8.1 Introduction and objectives 1
8.2 Equipment selection 1
8.3 Key points about sensors and actuators 1
8.4 Guidelines for the application of field devices in the SIS 1
8.5 IEC 61508 requirements for field devices 1
8.6 Technology issues 1
8.7 Guidelines for final elements 1
8.8 Summary of technology and applications 1
8.9 Summary of SIL vs cost 1
9. Exercise in specifying an SIS from the Hazop 1
Objective 9 1
9.1 Introduction 1
9.2 Process description 1
9.3 Safety requirements specifications 1
9.4 Conclusion 1
Appendix A: References used in the manual 1
Appendix B: Some websites for safety systems information 1
Appendix C: Notes on national regulations relevant to hazard study and safety management 1
Appendix D: Software tools for hazard studies 1
Appendix E: EPA case study of phenol resin hazards 1
Appendix F: Expanded guideword table for continuous processes 1
Appendix G: Methods of reporting 1
Appendix H: Design and calibration of a risk graph 1
Appendix I: Data capture sheet 1
Appendix J: Glossary of terms used in hazard studies and safety- related systems 1
Practical exercises 1
Answers to practical exercises 1
Index 1