Embedded Microprocessor Systems (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Embedded Microprocessor Systems Real World Design 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Introduction 12
Special Introduction to the Third Edition 15
Chapter 1. System Design 16
Requirements Definition 18
Processor Selection 20
Development Environment 32
Development Costs 34
Hardware and Software Requirements 35
Hardware/Software Partitioning 37
Distributed Processor Systems 39
Specifications Summary 40
A Requirements Document Outline 41
Communication 43
Chapter 2. Hardware Design 1 44
Single-Chip Designs 44
Multichip Designs 46
Wait States 50
Memory 53
Types of PROM 54
RAM 60
I/O 69
Peripheral ICs 73
Data Bus Loading 83
Nonvolatile Memory 85
Microwire 88
DMA 89
Watchdog Timers 96
In-Circuit Programming 98
Internal Peripherals 100
Design Shortcuts 100
EMC Considerations 101
Microprocessor Clocks 105
Hardware Checklist 107
Chapter 3. Hardware Design 2 110
Dynamic Bus Sizing 110
Fast Cycle Termination 110
Bus Sizing at Reset 111
Clock-Synchronized Buses 112
Built-in Dynamic Ram Interface 114
Combination ICs 115
Digital-to-Analog Converters 116
Analog-to-Digital Converters 118
SPI/Microwire in Multichip Designs 121
Timer Basics 122
Example System 130
Hardware Specifications Outline 130
Chapter 4. Software Design 134
Data Flow Diagram 135
State Diagram 136
Flowcharts 138
Pseudocode 138
Partitioning the Code 140
Software Architecture 144
The Development Language 146
Microprocessor Hardware 150
Hard Deadlines Versus Soft Deadlines 153
Dangerous Independence 153
Software Specifications 155
Software Specifications Outline 156
Chapter 5. Interrupts in Embedded Systems 158
Interrupt Basics 158
Interrupt Vectors 159
Edge- and Level-Sensitive Interrupts 161
Interrupt Priority 161
Interrupt Hardware 161
Interrupt Bus Cycles 163
Daisy-Chained Interrupts 163
Other Types of Interrupts 164
Using Interrupt Hardware 165
Interrupt Software 170
Interrupt Service Mechanics 170
Nested Interrupts 172
Passing Data to or from the ISR 173
Some Real World Dos and Don’ts 174
Minimizing Low-Priority Interrupt Service Time 181
When to Use Interrupts 183
Chapter 6. Adding Debug Hardware and Software 186
Action Codes 187
Hardware Output 188
Write to ROM 190
Read from ROM 191
Software Timing 192
Software Throughput 192
Circular Trace Buffers 193
Monitor Programs 194
Logic Analyzer Breakpoints 195
Memory Dumps 196
Serial Condition Monitor 197
Chapter 7. System Integration and Debug 204
Hardware Testing 205
Software Debug 206
Debugging in RAM 208
Functional Test Plan 209
Stress Testing 211
Problem Log 212
A Real-World Example 213
Emulators/Debuggers 216
Chapter 8. Multiprocessor Systems 218
Communication Between Processors 220
Dual-Port RAM (DPRAM) 227
Chapter 9. Real-Time Operating Systems 250
Multitasking 253
Keeping Track of Tasks 257
Communication Between Tasks 258
Memory Management 259
Resource Management 260
RTOS and Interrupts 262
Typical RTOS Communication 262
Preemption Considerations 263
Applicability of RTOS 265
Debuggers 268
Chapter 10. Industry-Standard Embedded Platforms 270
Advantages of Using a PC Platform 270
Drawbacks of Using a PC Platform 273
Some Solutions to These Problems 275
ISA- and PCI-Based Embedded Boards 276
Other Platforms for Embedded Systems 277
Example Real-Time PC Application 282
Chapter 11. Advanced Microprocessor Concepts 286
Pipeline (Prefetch) Queue 286
Interleaving 287
DRAM Burst Mode 288
SDRAM 289
High-Speed, High-Integration Processors and Multiple Buses 292
Cache Memory 293
Processors with Multiple Clock Inputs and Phase-Locked Loops 294
Multiple-Instruction Fetch and Decode 295
Microcontroller/FPGA Combinations 296
On-Chip Debug 297
Memory Management Hardware 299
Application-Specific Microcontrollers 301
Appendix A. Example System Specifications 302
System Description 302
User Interface 302
Setting Time 303
Water Low 303
Example System Hardware Specifications 303
Example System Software Description 305
Example System Software Pseudocode 307
Appendix B. Number Systems 318
Number Bases 318
Converting Numbers Between Bases 321
Math with Binary and Hex Numbers 322
Negative Numbers and Computer Representation of Numbers 323
Number Suffixes 325
Floating Point 326
Appendix C. Digital Logic Review 330
Basic Logic Functions 331
Registers and Latches 335
Appendix D. Basic Microprocessor Concepts 340
A Simple Microprocessor 340
A More Complex Microprocessor 348
Addressing Modes 352
Code Formats 355
Appendix E. Embedded Web Sites 358
Organizations and Literature 358
Manufacturers 358
Software, Operating Systems, and Emulators 359
Glossary 360
Index 365