List of Abbreviations

1,25-(OH)2-D 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

1,25-D 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

1,7-X 1,7-dimethylxanthine

24,25-D 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

25-D 25-hydroxyvitamin D

25-OH-D 25-trihydroxyvitamin D

5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine

5-HTOL 5-hydroxytryptophol

6-SMT 6-sulfatoxymelatonin

A2S ascorbate-2-sulfate

ABC ATP-binding cassette (ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8)

ADH alcohol dehydrogenase (Chapters 6, 9, and 12)

ADH antidiuretic hormone (Chapters 1, 3, and 11)

ADPR ADP ribose

AgRP agouti-related protein

AI Adequate Intake

AI-2 autoinducer 2

AK adenylate kinase

Ala L-alanine

ALDH aldehyde dehydrogenase

AMP adenosine monophosphate

AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide

apBGlu p-acetamidobenzoylglutamate

apoAI apolipoprotein AI

apoAII apolipoprotein AII

apoAIV apolipoprotein AIV

apoB apolipoprotein B

apoB48 apolipoprotein B48

apoB100 apolipoprotein B100

apoC-I apolipoprotein C-I

apoC-II apolipoprotein C-II

apoC-III apolipoprotein C-III

apoE apolipoprotein E

APS adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate

AQP aquaporin

Arg L-arginine

As arsenic

ASC L-ascorbic acid

Asn L-asparagine

Asp L-aspartate

ATP7A copper-transporting ATPase (ATP7A, ATP7B)

B boron

B6 vitamin B6

B12 vitamin B12

BBB blood–brain barrier

BCAA branched chain amino acids

BGT1 sodium chloride–dependent betaine transporter

BH4 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

BM basal membrane

Br bromine

CACT carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase

cADPR cyclic ADP-ribose

cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Carbs carbohydrates

CaSR calcium-sensing receptor

CAT-2 cationic amino acid transporter 2

CCK cholecystokinin

CD Celiac disease

CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator

Chol cholesterol

Chylos chylomicrons

CLA conjugated linoleic acid

CLD congenital diarrhea gene

Co cobalt

CoA coenzyme A

Cr chromium

CRBP2 cellular retinol–binding protein 2

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

CssC L-cystine

CTR copper transporter (CTR1, CTR2)

CYP cytochrome P450

Cys L-cysteine

D2 vitamin D2

D3 vitamin D3

DADS diallyl disulfide

DADSO diallyl thiosulfinate

DATS diallyl trisulfide

DBP vitamin D–binding protein

DHA dehydro-L-ascorbic acid (Chapter 10)

DHA docosahexaenoic acid (Chapters 3, 5, 12)

DHF dihydrofolate

DiMelQx 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline

DL-AP4 DL(+)-2-amino-phosphono-butyric acid

DMA(III) dimethylarsinous acid

DMA(V) dirnethylarsinic acid

DMT1 divalent metal ion transporter 1

DPDS dipropyl disulfide

DRA down-regulated in adenoma gene

DRI Dietary Reference Intake

DTDST diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter

EAR Estimated Average Requirement

ECaC1 epithelial calcium channel 1

ECI enoyl-CoA isomerase

EMS eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome

EPA eicosapentaenoic acid

ETF electron-transfer flavoprotein

F fluorine

F6P fructose 6-phosphate

FABPpm plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein

FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide

FATP-1 fatty acid transport protein 1

FIGLU formiminoglutarnate

FMN flavin mononucleotide

FOLR folate receptor (FOLR1, FOLR2, FOLR3)

Fru D-fructose

GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid

Gal D-α-galactose

GalNAc Gal N-acetylglucosamine

GAP glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate

GIc D-glucose

Gln L-glutamine

GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1

Glu L-glutamate

GLUT glucose transporter (GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT5)

Glvr-1 gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor

Gly glycine

GMP guanosine-5′-monophosphate

Grp120 G-protein coupled receptor 120

GSH glutathione

HA heterocyclic amine

Hcys homocysteine

HDL high-density lipoprotein

HFE hemochromatosis gene

HIF-1 hypoxia-inducible factor 1

His L-histidine

HMGCoA hydroxymethylglutaryI-CoA

HNE 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal

Hypro 4-hydroxyproline

IL-6 interleukin-6

Ile L-isoleucine

IMP inosine-5′-monophosphate

IOM Institute of Medicine

IP3 inositol triphosphate

IP5 inositol pentaphosphate

IP6 inositol hexaphosphate

IQ 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline

IRE iron-responsive element

IRE-BP iron-responsive element–binding protein

IRP iron regulatory protein

K1...