Integrated Flow Modeling (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 12
About the Author 8
Preface 10
Chapter 1. Overview 18
1.1 Program Overview 19
1.2 Conventional Black Oil Simulator Equations 21
1.3 Extended Black Oil Simulator Equations 24
1.4 Program Operation 25
1.5 Input Data File- ITEMP.DAT 26
1.6 Output Data Files 26
Exercises 27
Chapter 2. Reservoir Structure 29
2.1 Coordinate Orientation 29
2.2 Traditional Mapping 30
2.3 Computer Generated Maps 32
2.4 Geostatistical Mapping 35
2.5 Bulk Volume and Net Volume 41
Exercises 42
Chapter 3. Porosity 44
3.1 Porosity Defined 44
3.2 Net Pore Volume and Saturation 46
3.3 Statistics of Porosity Distributions 47
3.4 Characteristic Volume 55
Exercises 56
Chapter 4. Permeability 58
4.1 Darcy's Law 58
4.2 Permeability 64
4.3 Directional De pendence of Permeability 66
4.4 Permeability Averaging 69
Exercises 72
Chapter 5. Critical Sample Size 74
5.1 Critical Sample Size for Porosity 74
5.2 Permeability Distributions 77
5.3 Critical Sample Size for Permeability 81
5.4 Measures of Permeability Heterogeneity 83
Exercises 86
Chapter 6. Petrophysical Model 88
6.1 Compressional and Shear Velocities 88
6.2 Estimates of Moduli 90
6.3 Moduli from Acoustic Velocities 92
6.4 Acoustic Impedance and Reflection Coefficient 93
6.5 Geostatistical Correlations 94
Exercises 100
Chapter 7. Relative Permeability 102
7.1 Effective Permeability and Relative Permeability 102
7.2 Two-Phase Relative Permeability 104
7.3 Averaging Relative Permeability Data 108
7.4 Two-Phase Relative Permeability Correlations 110
7.5 Three-Phase Relative Permeability Correlations 114
Exercises 117
Chapter 8. Capillary Pressure 119
8.1 Basic Concepts 119
8.2 Capillary Pressure 122
8.3 Capillary Pressure Measurements 124
8.4 Capillary Pressure Correlation Methods 128
Exercises 131
Chapter 9. Extended Rock-Fluid Interactions 132
9.1 Miscible Conditions 132
9.2 Solid Precipitation 133
9.3 Water Blocking 134
9.4 Mobility Control 134
9.5 Effective Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure 135
9.6 Transmissibility 136
Exercises 140
Chapter 10. Fluid Properties 141
10.1 Fundamental Fluid Property Concepts 141
10.2 Black Oil Model PVT Data 147
10.3 Extrapolating Saturated Curves 149
10.4 Bubble Point Tracking 150
10.5 Extended Fluid Properties Model 151
Exercises 155
Chapter 11. Fluid Displacement 157
11.1 Mobility 157
11.2 Fractional Flow 159
11.3 Recovery Efficiency 163
11.4 Production Stages 165
11.5 Miscible Displacement Models 167
Exercises 172
Chapter 12. Formulation of Flow Equations 173
12.1 Conservation of Mass 173
12.2 Flow Equations for Three-Phase Flow 175
12.3 Recasting the Flow Equations 179
12.4 Introduction of the Capillary Pressure Concept 181
12.5 Extended Black Oil Simulator Equations 183
Exercises 184
Chapter 13. Source/Sink Terms 186
13.1 Productivity Index 186
13.2 Rate Constraint Representation 189
13.3 Pressure Constraint Representation 192
13.4 Well Constraints 193
13.5 Aquifer Models 195
Exercises 196
Chapter 14. Solution of the Extended Flow Equations 198
14.1 The Finite Difference Concept 198
14.2 Derivative of Accumulation Terms 203
14.3 Volume Integration and Discretization 203
14.4 Multi-Variable Newton-Raphson IMPES Procedure 205
Exercises 209
Chapter 15. IFLO Applications 211
15.1 Monitoring Frontal Advance 211
15.2 Scheduling 4-D Seismic Surveys 214
15.3 Improved Oil Recovery Examples 215
Exercises 220
Appendix A: Introduction to IFLO 224
A.1 Program Review 224
A.2 Program Configuration 227
A.3 Input Data File- ITEMP.DAT 227
A.4 Example Input Data Sets 228
Appendix B: Initialization Data 231
B.1 Model Dimensions and Geometry 232
B.2 Seismic Velocity Parameters 237
B.3 Porosity, Permeability, and Transmissibility Distributions 242
B.4 Rock Regions 248
B.5 Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure Tables 249
B.6 Fluid PVT Tables 251
B.7 Miscible Solvent Data 253
B.8 Pressure and Saturation Initialization 259
B.9 Run Control Parameters 262
B.10 Analytic Aquifer Models 266
Appendix C: Recurrent Data 267
C.1 Timestep and Output Control 267
C.2 Well Information 270
Appendix D: Program Supplement 277
D.1 Initialization Options 277
D.2 Run Control Features 282
D.3 Output Options 285
REFERENCES 290
INDEX 298