RF and Wireless Technologies: Know It All (eBook)

Front Cover 1
RF & Wireless Technologies
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
About the Authors 14
Chapter 1: A Survey of RF and Wireless Technology 22
1.1 A Short History of Wireless Communication 22
1.2 Where We Are 24
1.3 Conclusion 37
1.4 References 37
Chapter 2: Communication Protocols and Modulation 38
2.1 Baseband Data Format and Protocol 38
2.2 Baseband Coding 46
2.3 RF Frequency and Bandwidth 50
2.4 Modulation 52
2.5 RFID 70
2.6 Summary 71
2.7 References 71
Chapter 3: Transmitters 72
3.1 RF Source 72
3.2 Modulation 80
3.3 Amplifiers 82
3.4 Filtering 83
3.5 Antenna 84
3.6 Summary 85
3.7 References 85
Chapter 4: Receivers 86
4.1 Tuned Radio Frequency 86
4.2 Superregenerative Receiver 87
4.3 Superheterodyne Receiver 89
4.4 Direct Conversion Receiver 91
4.5 Digital Receivers 93
4.6 Repeaters 94
4.7 Summary 94
4.8 Reference 94
Chapter 5: Radio Propagation 96
5.1 Mechanisms of Radio Wave Propagation 96
5.2 Open Field Propagation 98
5.3 Diffraction 100
5.4 Scattering 102
5.5 Path Loss 102
5.6 Multipath Phenomena 104
5.7 Flat Fading 105
5.8 Diversity Techniques 108
5.9 Noise 111
5.10 Summary 114
5.11 References 114
Chapter 6: Antenna Fundamentals I 116
6.1 Electromagnetic Waves 116
Example 6.1 A Quarter-Wave Matching System 125
6.2 Polarization 126
6.3 The Short Dipole 127
Example 6.2 Dipole Input Impedance and Efficiency 136
6.4 The Small Loop 136
Example 6.3 Loop Impedance and Efficiency 139
6.5 Directionality, Efficiency, and Gain 140
6.6 References 142
Chapter 7: Antenna Fundamentals II 144
7.1 Bandwidth and Quality Factor, Q 144
Example 7.1 Effects of Coil Q and Loading 146
Example 7.2 SWR Bandwidth of a Lumped-Element Resonator 149
Example 7.3 Parallel-Tuned Loop SWR Bandwidth 150
7.2 Impedance Matching and System Efficiency 151
Example 7.4 L-Section Matching 152
Example 7.5 Matching the Series-Tuned Loop 153
7.3 Reception 155
7.4 Ground Effects 158
Example 7.6 Field Plots for the Horizontal Dipole 162
7.5 Improvements 166
7.6 References 167
Chapter 8: Basics of Wireless Local Area Networks 170
8.1: Networks Large and Small 170
8.2: WLANs from LANs 173
8.3: 802.11 WLANs 175
8.4: HiperLAN and HiperLAN 2 204
8.5: From LANs to PANs 205
8.6: Capsule Summary 217
8.7: Further Reading 217
WEP Attacks 218
Bluetooth 218
Trellis-Coded Modulations 218
Standards 218
Chapter 9: Outdoor Networks 220
9.1 Neither Snow nor Rain nor Heat nor Gloom of Night… 220
9.2 Line-of-Sight Sites 221
9.3 Outdoor Coverage Networks 224
9.4 Point-to-Multipoint Networks 238
9.5 Point-to-Point Bridges 241
9.6 Long Unlicensed Links 243
9.7 Safety Tips 249
9.8 Capsule Summary 251
9.9 Further Reading 252
Chapter 10: Voice Over Wi-Fi and Other Wireless Technologies 254
10.1 Introduction 254
10.2 Ongoing 802.11 Standard Work 254
10.3 Wi-Fi and Cellular Networks 259
10.4 WiMax 269
10.5 VoWi-Fi and Bluetooth 270
10.6 VoWi-Fi and DECT 275
10.7 VoWi-Fi and Other Ongoing 802.x Wireless Projects 276
10.8 Conclusion 278
10.9 References 278
Chapter 11: Security in Wireless Local Area Networks 280
11.1 Introduction 280
11.2 Key Establishment in 802.11 281
11.3 Anonymity in 802.11 282
11.4 Authentication in 802.11 283
11.5 Confidentiality in 802.11 289
11.6 Data Integrity in 802.11 293
11.7 Loopholes in 802.11 Security 295
11.8 WPA 296
11.9 WPA2 (802.11i) 308
Chapter 12: System Planning 316
12.1 System Design Overview 316
12.2 Location and Real Estate Considerations 317
12.3 System Selection Based Upon User Needs 322
12.4 Identification of Equipment Requirements 324
12.5 Identification of Equipment Locations 326
12.6 Channel Allocation, Signal-to-Interference, and Reuse Planning 332
12.7 Network Interconnect and Point-to-Point Radio Solutions 336
12.8 Costs 339
12.9 The Five C's of System Planning 340
Chapter 13: System Implementation, Testing, and Optimization 342
13.1 Real-World Design Examples 342
13.2 Example One: Local Coffee House 342
13.3 Example Two: Office LAN Deployment 343
13.4 Example Three: Community WISP 352
13.5 Example Four: Mobile Broadband Network 365
13.6 Chapter Summary 369
Chapter 14: Next Generation Wireless Networks 370
14.1 Why "Next" Generation? 370
14.2 First Generation Wireless Networks: Wireless Access 371
14.3 Second Generation Wireless Networks: Mobile Access 372
14.4 Third Generation Wireless Networks: Wireless and Mobile Access to High-Bandwidth Services 377
14.5 Fourth Generation Wireless Networks and Beyond: Universal Access in a Multinetwork Environment 385
14.6 Conclusion 393
14.7 References 394
Chapter 15: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 398
15.1 Physical Layer and MAC 400
15.2 Routing in Ad Hoc Networks 413
15.3 Conclusion 423
15.4 References 424
Chapter 16: Wireless Sensor Networks 430
16.1 Applications 430
16.2 Plant Network Layouts 431
16.3 Plant Network Architecture 432
16.4 Sensor Subnet Selection 434
16.5 Functional Requirements 435
16.6 Technical Trade-offs and Issues 437
16.7 Conclusion 443
16.8 References 443
Chapter 17: Reliable Wireless Networks for Industrial Applications 444
17.1 Benefits of Using Wireless 444
17.2 Issues in Deploying Wireless Systems 445
17.3 Wireless Formats 448
17.4 Wireless Mesh Networks 449
17.5 Industrial Applications of Wireless Mesh Networks 451
17.6 Case Study: Water Treatment 453
17.7 Conclusion 454
Chapter 18: Software-Defined Radio 456
18.1 What Is Software-Defined Radio? 456
18.2 Aspects of Software-Defined Radio 457
18.3 History and Evolution of Software-Defined Radio 458
18.4 Applications and Need for SDR 461
18.5 Architectures 463
18.6 Implementation Issues 470
18.7 Case Study: A Close Look at a CDMA2000 and UMTS SDR Receiver 483
18.8 Conclusion 489
18.9 References 490
Chapter 19: The Basics of Radio Frequency Identification Technology 492
19.1 The Automatic Identification Manufacturers (AIM), Pittsburgh, PA 492
19.2 What Is RFID? 492
19.3 Wireless Communication and the Air Interface 493
19.4 RFID System Components 497
19.5 RFID System Categories 502
19.6 Areas of Application for RFID 503
19.7 Standardization 504
19.8 Conclusion 505
19.9 References 505
Chapter 20: UWB Spectrum and Regulations 506
20.1 Regulatory Testing of UWB Devices 506
20.2 UWB Regulatory Terminology 506
20.3 Testing Infrastructure 508
20.4 Regulatory Overview 517
20.5 UWB Waiver Impact on Technical Requirements 537
20.6 International Regulatory Status of UWB Devices 538
20.7 References 540
Chapter 21: Interference and Coexistence 542
21.1 Protecting Other Services in Band 543
21.2 Ensuring Coexistence 553
21.3 Detection and Avoidance 554
21.4 Responding to Changing Needs 559
21.5 Finding the Balance 559
21.6 References 560
Chapter 22: Direct Sequence UWB 562
22.1 Direct-Sequence UWB 562
22.2 Binary Signaling with DS-UWB 563
22.3 M-ary Biorthogonal Signaling with DS-UWB 564
22.4 Properties of Good Codes 567
22.5 Binary Codes 571
22.6 Ternary Codes 573
22.7 Processing Gain 575
22.8 DS-UWB Advantages versus Nonspread Spectrum Methods 576
22.9 Transmitter Structure 577
22.10 Receiver Structure 579
22.11 Simulation Results 580
22.12 References 581
Chapter 23: Multiband Approach to UWB 582
23.1 Introduction and Overview 582
23.2 Detailed Motivation for Multiband UWB Transmission Schemes 585
23.3 Multipath Energy Collection in Sequenced Multiband Receivers 591
23.4 Local Oscillator Generation Aspects 595
23.5 Regulatory Implications of Multiband UWB Transmissions 597
23.6 Conclusion 602
23.7 References 603
Chapter 24: History and Background of Cognitive Radio Technology 604
24.1 The Vision of Cognitive Radio 604
24.2 History and Background Leading to Cognitive Radio 604
24.3 A Brief History of SDR 606
24.4 Basic SDR 610
24.5 Spectrum Management 618
24.6 U.S. Government Roles in Cognitive Radio 623
24.7 How Smart Is Useful? 624
24.8 References 626
Chapter 25: The Software-Defined Radio as a Platform for Cognitive Radio 628
25.1 Introduction 628
25.2 Hardware Architecture 629
25.3 Software Architecture 643
25.4 SDR Development and Design 646
25.5 Applications 658
25.6 Development 661
25.7 Cognitive Waveform Development 663
25.8 Summary 666
25.9 References 667
Chapter 26: Cognitive Radio: The Technologies Required 668
26.1 Introduction 668
26.2 Radio Flexibility and Capability 668
26.3 Aware, Adaptive, and CRs 678
26.4 Comparison of Radio Capabilities and Properties 680
26.5 Available Technologies for CRs 682
26.6 Funding and Research in CRs 690
26.7 Timeline for CRs 701
26.8 Summary and Conclusions 702
26.9 References 704
Chapter 27: Spectrum Awareness 708
27.1 Introduction 708
27.2 The Interference Avoidance Problem 708
27.3 Cognitive Radio Role 710
27.4 Spectral Footprint Minimization 710
27.5 Creating Spectrum Awareness 713
27.6 Channel Awareness and Multiple Signals in Space 718
27.7 Spectrally Aware Networking 720
27.8 Overlay and Underlay Techniques 721
27.9 Adaptive Spectrum Implications for Cognitive Radio Hardware 723
27.10 Summary: The Cognitive Radio Toolkit 723
27.11 References 724
Appendix: Propagation Energy Loss 725
Chapter 28: Direct-Sequence and Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 728
28.1 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 729
28.2 Frequency Hopping 742
28.3 Conclusion 751
28.4 References 752
Chapter 29: RF Power Amplifiers 754
29.1 Power Amplifier Class of Operation 754
29.2 Conclusion 771
29.3 References 771
Chapter 30: Phase-Locked Loop Techniques in Modern Communications Systems 772
30.1 Phase-Locked Loop Techniques for Frequency Synthesizers 772
30.2 Sub-blocks in PLL 782
30.3 The Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) 788
30.4 Application: A Fully Integrated Dual-Mode Frequency Synthesizer for GSM and WCDMA Standards 817
30.5 References 819
Chapter 31: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 824
31.1 Fundamentals of OFDM 826
31.2 Effect of OFDM on Wireless Environment 828
31.3 Coding for OFDM Systems 828
31.4 Interleaving 829
31.5 The Peak-to-Mean Envelope Power Ratio Problem 830
31.6 Channel Estimation 832
31.7 Synchronization 834
31.8 Conclusion 835
31.9 References 836
Index 840
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