Practical Electronics Handbook (eBook)

Front cover 1
PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK 4
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 6
Preface 14
Introduction: Mathematics Conventions 16
Chapter 1. RESISTORS 20
Passive components 20
Resistors 21
Resistivity 22
Thermistors 43
Chapter 2. CAPACITORS 48
Capacitance 48
Chapter 3. INDUCTIVE AND TUNED CIRCUIT COMPONENTS 66
Inductors 66
Transformers 70
LCR circuits 87
Chapter 4. CHEMICAL CELLS AND BATTERIES 102
Introduction 102
Primary and secondary cells 103
Simple cell 106
The Leclanché cell 108
The alkaline primary cells 111
Miniature (button) cells 113
Lithium cells 114
Secondary cells 118
Nickel–cadmium cells 123
Lithium-ion rechargeable cells 126
Chapter 5. ACTIVE DISCRETE COMPONENTS 130
Diodes 130
LEDs 135
Photodiodes 136
Transistors 141
Negative feedback 163
Chapter 6. LINEAR ICS 182
Overview 182
The 741 op-amp 184
General notes on op-amp circuits 190
Modern op-amps 191
Other operational amplifier circuits 192
Current differencing amplifiers 195
Other linear amplifier ICs 195
Phase-locked loops 199
Waveform generators 202
Active and switched capacitor filters 204
Voltage regulator ICs 208
Adjustable regulator circuits 210
The 555 timer 212
Chapter 7. FAMILIAR LINEAR CIRCUITS 216
Overview 216
Discrete transistor circuits 216
Audio circuits 221
Simple active filters 223
Circuits for audio output stages 226
Class D amplifiers 230
Wideband voltage amplification circuits 233
Sine wave and other oscillator circuits 235
Other crystal oscillators 236
Astable, monostable and bistable circuits 242
Radio-frequency circuits 245
Modulation circuits 249
Optical circuits 251
Linear power supply circuits 252
Switch-mode power supplies 255
Chapter 8. SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS 262
Introduction 262
Strain and pressure 263
Direction and motion 265
Light, UV and IR radiation 270
Temperature 274
Sound 279
Chapter 9. DIGITAL LOGIC 284
Introduction 284
Logic families 288
Combinational logic 293
Number bases 295
Sequential logic 296
Counters and dividers 302
Chapter 10. PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES 308
Memory 308
Read-only memory (ROM) 309
Programmable read-only memory (PROM) 310
Volatile memory (RAM) 313
Programmable logic 315
Complex programmable logic devices (CPLD) 318
Field programmable gate array (FPGA) 319
Hardware description language (HDL) 320
Other programmable devices 321
Other applications of memory devices 322
Useful websites 324
Chapter 11. MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS 326
Introduction 326
Binary stored program computers 327
Microprocessor systems 333
Power-up reset and program execution 336
Programming 337
The ARM processor 339
Developing microprocessor hardware 341
Microcontroller manufacturers 344
Chapter 12. MICROPROCESSOR INTERFACING 346
Output circuits 346
Input circuits 357
Chapter 13. DATA CONVERTERS 362
Introduction 362
Digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) 363
Analogue-to-digital converters 370
Voltage references for analogue-to-digital converters 381
Connecting a serial ADC to a PC 382
Useful websites 386
Chapter 14. TRANSFERRING DIGITAL DATA 388
Introduction 388
Parallel transfer 389
IEEE 1284 Centronics printer interface 390
The IEEE-488 bus 393
Serial transfer 398
EIA/TIA 232E serial interface 398
RS-422/RS-485 406
Wireless links 409
Useful websites 417
Chapter 15. MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS 418
Introduction 418
Configuration 420
Clock 420
Setting up I/O ports 426
Integrated peripherals 429
Interrupts 438
Useful websites 443
Chapter 16. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 444
Introduction 444
Low-pass and high-pass filters 445
Finite impulse response (FIR) filters 450
Bandpass and notch filters 453
Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters 453
Other applications 455
Design tools 456
Further reading 457
Chapter 17. COMPUTER AIDS TO CIRCUIT DESIGN 458
Introduction 458
Schematic capture 459
Libraries 460
Connections 465
Net names 466
Virtual wiring 467
Net lists 470
Printing 473
Simulation 474
Analysis 475
DC Analysis 476
Temperature sweep 478
AC Analysis 480
Transient analysis 481
PCB Layout 486
Design rules 491
Useful websites 498
Chapter 18. CONNECTORS, PROTOTYPING AND MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION 500
Hardware 500
Video connectors 505
Audio connectors 506
Control knobs and switches 511
Cabinets and cases 515
Constructing circuits 520
Chapter 19. TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING 536
Introduction 536
Test equipment 536
Testing 548
Further reading 549
Appendix A. STANDARD METRIC WIRE TABLE 550
Appendix B. ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS TABLE 552
Appendix C 556
Hex record formats 556
Motorola S record file format 559
Appendix D 562
Gerber data format 562
RS274X 565
Examples 567
Appendix E 572
Pinout information links 572
Appendix F 574
SMT packages and guides 574
Index 576