Physical Environment (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Encyclopedia of Public International Law 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
INTRODUCTORY NOTE 6
LIST OF ENTRIES 10
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 14
CHAPTER 1. BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS 18
1. Background 18
2. Functions 18
3. Organization 18
4. Legal Situation 19
CHAPTER 2. BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE (1944) 19
1. History 19
2. Aims 19
3. Results 20
CHAPTER 3. CIVIL SERVICE, INTERNATIONAL 21
1. Notion Sources
2. Principles Governing Appointment and Service 22
3. Types of Appointment Termination of Appointment
4. Legal Status 23
CHAPTER 4. CUSTOMS COOPERATION COUNCIL 25
CHAPTER 5. DUMBARTON OAKS CONFERENCE (1944) 27
CHAPTER 6. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INTER-GOVERNMENTAL 29
1. Historical Background and Development 29
2. General Characteristics 29
3. The Principal Institutions 30
4. Significance of Institutions 31
CHAPTER 7. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS 32
A. Establishment and Constitutional Mandate 32
B. Membership 33
C. Structure 33
D. Finances 34
E. Decision-Making Process 34
F. Activities 34
G. Special Legal Aspects 35
CHAPTER 8. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (1947) 37
I. MEMBERSHIP OF GATT 37
II. ORIGIN AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 37
III. INTERNATIONAL TRADE RULES BETWEEN MEMBERS 39
IV. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 43
V. ACHIEVEMENTS OF GATT 44
CHAPTER 9. INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY, INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION 44
A. Notion 44
B. Historical Evolution of Legal Rules 47
C. Current Legal Situation 48
D. Special Legal Problems 50
E. Evaluation 51
CHAPTER 10. INMARSAT 52
CHAPTER 11. INTELSAT 54
A. Background 54
B. Structure and Functions of Intelsat 56
CHAPTER 12. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR MIGRATION 58
CHAPTER 13. INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIONS 59
1. Notion 59
2. International River Commissions 60
3. Fishery Commissions 61
4. International Commodity Agreements 62
5. Organizations for International Com m unie a tions 63
6. World Meteorological Organization 64
7. World Health Organization 64
8. International Protection of Intellectual Property 65
9. Sea-Bed Authority 65
CHAPTER 14. INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION 66
1. Historical Background 66
2. Structure 66
3. Traffic Conferences 67
CHAPTER 15. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF LIGHTHOUSE AUTHORITIES 69
CHAPTER 16. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY 69
A. Historical Background 69
B. Structure 70
C. Activities 72
D. Special Legal Problems 74
E. Evaluation 74
CHAPTER 17. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 75
1. Establishment 75
2. Purposes 75
3. Membership and Voting 75
4. Organization Management
5. Capital Stock Borrowing
6. Resources Operational Policies
7. Legal Instruments of Loans 79
8. Privileges and Immunities 80
CHAPTER 18. INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF EDUCATION 81
1. Origins 81
2. Integration with UNESCO 82
3. Functions 82
CHAPTER 19. INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 83
CHAPTER 20. INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S CENTRE 84
CHAPTER 21. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION 85
1. Historical Background Functions
2. Membership 85
3. Structure Financing
4. Rule-Making 86
5. Amendments to the Chicago Convention 87
6. Evaluation 88
CHAPTER 22. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL DEFENCE ORGANIZATION 88
CHAPTER 23. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR FOOD INDUSTRIES 89
CHAPTER 24.INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON CIVIL STATUS 90
1. History, Organization and Tasks 90
2. Conventions and Recommendations 90
3. International Cooperation 91
CHAPTER 25. INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF MILITARY MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 91
CHAPTER 26. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION 92
1. Establishment Purposes
2. Organization Membership
3. Financing 93
4. Operations 94
CHAPTER 27. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 95
1. Historical Background 95
2. Structure 95
3. Activities 97
4. Evaluation 99
CHAPTER 28. INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION 100
1. Purpose 100
2. Membership and Voting 100
3. Organization 100
4. Policies Operations
CHAPTER 29. INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 101
1. Establishment and Historical Background 101
2. Objectives and Structure 102
3. Activities', Legal Problems', Evaluation 103
CHAPTER 30. INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANISATION 104
CHAPTER 31. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION 104
1. Historical Background 104
2. Membership, Structure and Decision-Making Processes 105
3. Activities (a) International labour standards and supervision procedures 107
4. General Assessment 110
CHAPTER 32. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL 111
1. Historical Background Composition
2. Competences 111
3. Procedural Requirements 112
4. Applicable Law 112
5. Decisions Relief
6. Review of Decisions 113
7. Evaluation 113
CHAPTER 33. INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION 114
A. Various Meanings of the Term 114
B. Law-Making Treaties 114
C. Law-Making by Majority Decision 115
D. Enactment of Law by International Organizations 119
CHAPTER 34. INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 121
1. Name of the Organization 121
2. Historical Background 121
3. Activities 122
CHAPTER 35. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 125
1. Background and Structure 125
2. Voting Provisions 127
3. Functions 128
CHAPTER 36. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, FINANCING AND BUDGETING 132
1. Notion Sources
2. Preparation and Adoption of Budget 133
3. Income 134
4. Expenditure 135
5. Auditing 136
CHAPTER 37. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, GENERAL ASPECTS 136
I. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 137
II. COMPETENCES 141
III. ORGANIZATION 142
IV. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND MEMBER STATES 147
V. FUNCTIONS 150
VI. THE ORGANIZATION'S EXTERNAL RELATIONS 153
VII. GUARANTEES 155
Vlll. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 156
CHAPTER 38. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, HEADQUARTERS 157
1. Notion 157
2. Establishment'. Organizational Aspects 158
3. Establishment: External Aspects 158
CHAPTER 39. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, INTERNAL LAW AND RULES 159
1. Notion 159
2. Types of Internal Rules 160
3. Is Internal Law International Law? 161
4. Validity and Nullity 161
5. Evaluation 162
CHAPTER 40. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, LEGAL REMEDIES AGAINST ACTS OF ORGANS 162
1. Universal Organizations 162
2. Regional Organizations 163
3. Applicable Law 164
CHAPTER 41. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, MEMBERSHIP 164
A. Acquiring Membership 164
B. Members 165
C. Special Types of Membership 165
D. Legal Consequences of Membership 166
E. Termination of Membership 166
CHAPTER 42. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, OBSERVER STATUS 168
1. The Role of Observers 168
2. Types of Observers 168
CHAPTER 43. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES 169
A. Historical Background 169
B. Rationale 170
C. Legal Bases 170
D. Substantive Privileges and Immunities 172
E. Settlement of Disputes 175
F. Evaluation 176
CHAPTER 44. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, RESOLUTIONS 176
1. Notion 176
2. UN Resolutions 177
3. Resolutions of Other Universal Organizations 178
4. Resolutions of Regional Organizations 178
CHAPTER 45. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, RESPONSIBILITY 179
1. Notion 179
2. Historical Evolution of Legal Rules 179
3. Current Legal Situation 181
4. Special Legal Problems 181
5. Evaluation 182
CHAPTER 46. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, SUCCESSION 183
CHAPTER 47. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, TREATY-MAKING POWER 185
1. Theoretical Background 185
2. Current Legal Situation 186
CHAPTER 48. INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ORGANISATION 188
1. Historical Background and Establishment 188
2. Structure and Components 189
3. Finances and Budget 189
4. Activities 190
5. Significance 190
CHAPTER 49. INTERNATIONAL SECRETARIAT 191
1. Notion 191
2. Evolution 192
3. Current Legal Situation 193
4. Special Legal Problems 193
5. Evaluation 194
CHAPTER 50. INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION 194
A. Background and Legal Instruments 194
B. Purposes Structure
C. Conclusion and Outlook 199
CHAPTER 51. INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE UNCTAD/GATT 200
1. Background 200
2. Structure 200
3. Activities 201
4. Special Legal Problems 201
5. Evaluation 202
CHAPTER 52. INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION 202
1. Establishment and Purpose 202
2. Structure 202
3. Activities 203
4. Evaluation 203
CHAPTER 53. INTERPOL 204
1. Description Historical Background
2. Organization Activities
CHAPTER 54. INVESTMENT DISPUTES, CONVENTION AND INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF 205
1. History and Background 205
2 Structure of ICSID 206
3. Activities 206
4. Evaluation 208
CHAPTER 55. LEAGUE OF NATIONS 209
1. Origins 209
2. Nature and Objects Peaceful Settlement
3. Sanctions 210
4. Article 10: Guarantee against Aggression 211
5. Disarmament Open Diplomacy
6. Other League Functions under the Covenant 212
7. Other Functions under Treaty : Minorities etc. 212
8. Organs 212
9. Membership 215
10. Finances 215
11. Procedure and Voting 215
12. Record and Appraisal 216
CHAPTER 56. LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS, INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION 219
A. International Recognition of Copyright 219
B. Sources and History 219
C. Protection of Literature and Art 221
D. Protection under the Conventions 224
E. Organs and Administration 226
F. International Protection of Related Rights 226
G. European Law 227
CHAPTER 57. OPEC FUND FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 228
1. Background 228
2. Operations 229
3. Membership, Structure and Decision-Making Process 229
CHAPTER 58. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 231
1. Definition 231
2. Origins 231
3. Aims and Functions 233
4. Structure 233
5. Activities 235
6. OECD Law 236
7. An Interim Assessment 238
CHAPTER 59. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY 239
CHAPTER 60. ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES 241
1. Historical Background 241
2. Membership 242
3. Structure and Decision-Making Process 243
4. Activities 244
5. Special Legal Problems 245
CHAPTER 61. PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLIES, INTERNATIONAL 245
1. Notion Origin
2. Composition 246
3. Legal Status of Members 247
4. Powers 248
5. Functioning 250
6. Evaluation 251
CHAPTER 62. PLURINATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS 252
1. Notion 252
2. Types 253
CHAPTER 63. POSTAL COMMUNICATIONS, INTERNATIONAL REGULATION 255
1. Historical Evolution 255
2. Current Legal Situation 256
3. Special Legal Problems 257
4. Restricted Unions Bilateral Treaties
5. Significance 258
CHAPTER 64. PUBLIC HEALTH, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 259
1. Historical Evolution 259
2. New Basic Concept 260
3. Current System of Cooperation 260
4. Coordination Role of WHO 262
CHAPTER 65. RAILWAY TRANSPORT, INTERNATIONAL REGULATION 262
1. Concept History
2. Current Legal Situation 262
3. International Organizations 264
CHAPTER 66. RED CROSS 265
1. Notion 265
2. Basic Red Cross Principles 265
3. Historical Development 266
4. Composition 267
CHAPTER 67. REFUGEES, LEAGUE OF NATIONS OFFICES 271
1. History 271
2. Finances Achievements
CHAPTER 68. REFUGEES, UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER 272
1. History 272
2. Structure 273
3. Activities Competences
CHAPTER 69. STRATEGIC AREAS 275
1. The Concept and its Development 275
2. Application 276
3. Functioning 277
4. Development towards Termination of the Trusteeship 277
CHAPTER 70. SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 279
1. Notion 279
2. Historical Background 279
3. Criteria for Distinction 280
4. Supranationality, Integration and Federalism 281
5. Analytical Approaches 281
6. Etymological Approaches 282
7. Euratom and the EEC 283
8. Organizations of a Universal Nature 284
9. Organs of International Organizations 285
CHAPTER 71. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT, INTERNATIONAL REGULATION 286
1. Definitions 286
2. Regulation of Traffic 286
3. Regulation of Transport 287
4. Conclusion 288
CHAPTER 72. UNITED NATIONS 289
A. Origins 289
B. Structure 289
C. Development of the UN 290
D. Main UN Activities 291
E. Legal Status of the UN 293
F. Financing and Budget 294
G. Special Legal Problems 294
H. General Evaluation 296
CHAPTER 73. UNITED NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL 298
1. Background and Establishment 298
2. Composition 299
3. Competence 299
4. Procedure Applicable Law
5. Brief Summary of Major Judicial Decisions 303
6. Evaluation 303
CHAPTER 74. UNITED NATIONS CHARTER 304
1. Historical Development 304
2. Structure of the Charter 305
3. The Preamble 306
4. Purposes of the UN 306
5. Underlying Principles 307
6. Amendment of the Charter 308
7. Interpretation 309
CHAPTER 75. UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND 310
CHAPTER 76. UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 311
1. Historical Background 311
2. Structure 312
3. Activities 313
4. Special Legal Problems 314
5. Evaluation 314
CHAPTER 77. UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW 314
A. Historical Background 314
B. Object and Functions 315
C. Structure Working Methods
D. Activities 315
E. Evaluation 317
CHAPTER 78. UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT 318
1. Background 318
2. Structure 318
3. Activities 320
4. Special Legal Problems 323
5. Evaluation 323
CHAPTER 79. UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 324
1. Origins and Purpose 324
2. Structure, Organization and Financing 325
3. Activities 326
4. Evaluation 327
CHAPTER 80. UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL 327
l. Historical Background 327
2. Structure 327
3. Activities 328
4. Evaluation 330
CHAPTER 81. UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION 331
1. Origins and Establishment 331
2. Structure and Membership 332
3. International Law in UNESCO Practice 333
CHAPTER 82. UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME 336
1. Historical Background and Establishment 336
2. Structure Decision-Making
3. Activities 338
4. Evaluation 340
CHAPTER 83. UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY 340
1. Historical Background 340
2. Membership and Structure 341
3. Decision-Making Process 342
4. Activities 343
5. Special Legal Problems 344
6. Evaluation 345
CHAPTER 84. UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION 346
I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 346
II. STRUCTURE 347
III. ACTIVITIES 351
IV. SPECIAL LEGAL PROBLEMS 352
V. EVALUATION 352
CHAPTER 85. UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH 353
1. Historical Background 353
2. Structure 353
3. Activities 354
4. Current Status 354
CHAPTER 86. UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES 355
7. United Nations Framework 355
2. Establishment of UNRRA 355
3. Operational Structure and Finances 355
4. Relief and Rehabilitation Activities 356
5. Assessment 358
CHAPTER 87. UNITED NATIONS SECRETARYGENERAL 358
1. Historical Background 358
2. Election Authority
3. Activities 359
4. Special Legal Problems 361
5. Evaluation 361
CHAPTER 88. UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL 362
1. Composition Subsidiary Bodies
2. Powers and Functions 362
3. Activities 363
4. Special Legal Problems 364
5. Evaluation 365
CHAPTER 89. UNITED NATIONS, SPECIALIZED AGENCIES 366
I. NOTION AND FUNCTIONS 366
II. EVOLUTION AND BACKGROUND 366
III. THE INDIVIDUAL SPECIALIZED AGENCIES 369
IV. COMMON FEATURES 369
CHAPTER 90. UNITED NATIONS TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM 386
1. Notion 386
2. Concept and Development 386
3. Organs 388
4. Application 389
5. Functioning 390
6. End of the Regular System 391
7. Evaluation 392
CHAPTER 91. UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY 393
1. Historical Background 393
2. Purposes and Structure of UNU 394
3. Organization 395
4. Legal Status 395
5. Programme 396
6. Evaluation 396
CHAPTER 92. UNITING FOR PEACE RESOLUTION 396
1. Factual Setting 396
2. The Resolution 397
3. Debates on the Resolution 397
4. Subsequent Practice 398
CHAPTER 93. UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION 400
1. Historical Background 400
2. Aims and Principles 400
3. Membership and Structure 401
4. Activities 402
5. Special Legal Questions 402
6. Evaluation 403
CHAPTER 94. UNIVERSITY FOR PEACE 404
1. History 404
2. Legal Regime 404
3. Evaluation 405
CHAPTER 95. VETO 406
1. Use Outside International Law 406
2. Use in International Law 407
CHAPTER 96. VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE REPRESENTATION OF STATES IN THEIR RELATIONS WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF A UNIVERSAL CHARACTER 409
1. Historical Background 409
2. Major Provisions 409
3. Special Legal Problems 410
4. Significance 411
CHAPTER 97. VOTING RULES IN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES AND ORGANIZATIONS 412
1. Notion Significance
2. Voting Power 412
3. Methods of Voting 412
4. Required Majority 413
5. Effect of Voting 414
CHAPTER 98. WEIGHTED VOTING 415
1. Sovereign Equality 415
2. Existing Systems 415
3. Evaluation 416
CHAPTER 99. WORLD BANK ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL 417
1. Historical Background 417
2. Composition of the Tribunal 417
3. Competence 417
4. Procedure 418
5. Applicable Law 418
6. Review of Decisions 419
7. Evaluation 419
CHAPTER 100. WORLD FOOD COUNCIL 419
1. Historical Background and Establishment 419
2. Structure and Finances 419
3. Activities 420
CHAPTER 101. WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME (UN/FAO) 421
1. Historical Background 421
2. WFP Structure 422
3. Programme Resources and Activities 422
CHAPTER 102. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 423
1. Origin 423
2. Membership 424
3. Organs 424
4. Decision-Making 425
5. Financing 425
6. Objectives Achievements
CHAPTER 103. WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION 427
1. Foundation and Legal Basis 427
2. History 427
3. Membership 428
4. Organs Voting
5. Functioning 429
6. Financing 430
7. WIPO in the UN System 431
CHAPTER 104. WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION 431
1. History 431
2. WMO Structure and Functions 432
LIST OF ARTICLES FOR THE ENTIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA 434