Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface to Second Edition 12
Preface to First Edition 14
Chapter One. Primary Raw Materials for Petrochemicals 18
Introduction 18
Natural Gas 18
Crude Oils 28
Coal, Oil Shale, Tar Sand, and Gas Hydrates 40
References 43
Chapter Two. Hydrocarbon Intermediates 46
Introduction 46
Paraffinic Hydrocarbons 46
Olefinic Hydrocarbons 49
Dienes 53
Aromatic Hydrocarbons 54
Liquid Petroleum Fractions and Residues 59
References 64
Chapter Three. Crude Oil Processing and Production of Hydrocarbon Intermediates 66
Introduction 66
Physical Separation Processes 66
Conversion Processes 71
Production of Olefins 118
References 124
Chapter Four. Nonhydrocarbon Intermediates 128
Introduction 128
Hydrogen 128
Sulfur 134
Carbon Black 135
Synthesis Gas 138
Naphthenic Acids 147
Cresylic Acid 148
References 150
Chapter Five. Chemicals Based on Methane 152
Introduction 152
Chemicals Based on Direct Reactions of Methane 153
Chemicals Based on Synthesis Gas 160
References 184
Chapter Six. Ethane and Higher Paraffins-Based Chemicals 186
Introduction 186
Ethane Chemicals 186
Propane Chemicals 188
n-Butane Chemicals 191
Isobutane Chemicals 197
Naphtha-Based Chemicals 198
Chemicals from High Molecular Weight n-Paraffins 199
References 203
Chapter Seven. Chemicals Based on Ethylene 205
Introduction 205
Oxidation of Ethylene 206
Chlorination of Ethylene 218
Hydration of Ethylene 221
Oligomerization of Ethylene 222
Alkylation Using Ethylene 227
References 228
Chapter Eight. Chemicals Based on Propylene 230
Introduction 230
Oxidation of Propylene 231
Oxyacylation of Propylene 243
Chlorination of Propylene 9
Hydration of Propylene 244
Addition of Organic Acids to Propene 249
Hydroformylation of Propylene: The Oxo Reaction 249
Disproportionation of Propylene (Metathesis) 251
Alkylation Using Propylene 252
References 253
Chapter Nine. C4 Olefins and Diolefins-Based Chemicals 255
Introduction 255
Chemicals from n-Butenes 255
Chemicals from Isobutylene 266
Chemicals from Butadiene 272
References 277
Chapter Ten. Chemicals Based on Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes 279
Introduction 279
Reactions and Chemicals of Benzene 279
Reactions and Chemicals of Toluene 301
Chemicals from Xylenes 311
References 316
Chapter Eleven. Polymerization 318
Introduction 318
Monomers, Polymers, and Copolymers 319
Polymerization Reactions 320
Polymerization Techniques 332
Physical Properties of Polymers 334
References 338
Chapter Twelve. Synthetic Petroleum-Based Polymers 340
Introduction 340
Thermoplastics 341
Thermosetting Plastics 359
Synthetic Rubber 367
Synthetic Fibers 376
References 388
Appendix One: Conversion Factors 391
Appendix Two: Selected Properties of Hydrogen, Important C1-C10 Paraffins, Methylcyclopentane, and Cyclohexane 393
Index 395
About the Authors 409